双语物理词汇英语解释ADSATII物理术语词汇PhysicsGlossary.docx

双语物理词汇英语解释ADSATII物理术语词汇PhysicsGlossary.docx

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双语物理词汇英语解释ADSATII物理术语词汇PhysicsGlossary

双语物理词汇英语解释A–D

A

Absolutezero

Thelowesttheoreticaltemperatureamaterialcanhave,wherethemoleculesthatmakeupthematerialhavenokineticenergy.Absolutezeroisreachedat0Kor–273ºC.

Acceleration

Avectorquantitydefinedastherateofchangeofthevelocityvectorwithtime.

Activity

Inradioactivesubstances,thenumberofnucleithatdecaypersecond.Activity,A,willbelargerinlargesamplesofradioactivematerial,sincetherewillbemorenuclei.

Alphadecay

Aformofradioactivedecaywhereaheavyelementemitsanalphaparticleandsomeenergy,thustransformingintoalighter,morestable,element.

Alphaparticle

Aparticle,

whichconsistsoftwoprotonsandtwoneutrons.Itisidenticaltothenucleusofaheliumatomandisejectedbyheavyparticlesundergoingalphadecay.

Amplitude

Inreferencetooscillation,amplitudeisthemaximumdisplacementoftheoscillatorfromitsequilibriumposition.Amplitudetellshowfaranoscillatorisswingingbackandforth.Inperiodicmotion,amplitudeisthemaximumdisplacementineachcycleofasysteminperiodicmotion.Theprecisedefinitionofamplitudedependsontheparticularsituation:

inthecaseofastretchedstringitwouldbemeasuredinmeters,whereasforsoundwavesitwouldbemeasuredinunitsofpressure.

Angleofincidence

Whenalightraystrikesasurface,theangleofincidenceistheanglebetweentheincidentrayandthenormal.

Angleofreflection

Theanglebetweenareflectedrayandthenormal.

Angleofrefraction

Theanglebetweenarefractedrayandthelinenormaltothesurface.

Angularacceleration

Avectorquantity,

equaltotherateofchangeoftheangularvelocityvectorwithtime.Itistypicallygiveninunitsofrad/s2.

Angulardisplacement

Thenetchange,

inapoint’sangularposition,

.Itisascalarquantity.

Angularfrequency

Afrequency,f,definedasthenumberofrevolutionsarigidbodymakesinagiventimeinterval.ItisascalarquantitycommonlydenotedinunitsofHertz（Hz）ors–1.

Angularmomentum

Avectorquantity,L,thatistherotationalanalogueoflinearmomentum.Forasingleparticle,theangularmomentumisthecrossproductoftheparticle’sdisplacementfromtheaxisofrotationandtheparticle’slinearmomentum,

.Forarigidbody,theangularmomentumisaproductoftheobject’smomentofinertia,I,anditsangularvelocity,

.

Angularperiod

Thetime,T,requiredforarigidbodytocompleteonerevolution.

Angularposition

Theposition,

ofanobjectaccordingtoaco-ordinatesystemmeasuredinsoftheangleoftheobjectfromacertainoriginaxis.Conventionally,thisoriginaxisisthepositivex-axis.

Angularvelocity

Avectorquantity,

thatreflectsthechangeofangulardisplacementwithtime,andistypicallygiveninunitsofrad/s.Tofindthedirectionoftheangularvelocityvector,takeyourrighthandandcurlyourfingersalongtheparticleorbody’sdirectionofrotation.Yourthumbthenpointsinthedirectionofthebody’sangularvelocity.

Antinode

Thepointsmidwaybetweennodesonastandingwave,wheretheoscillationsarelargest.

Atom

Thebuildingblocksofallmatter,atomsaremadeupofanucleusconsistingofprotonsandneutrons,andanumberofelectronsthatorbitthenucleus.Anelectricallyneutralatomhasasmanyprotonsasithaselectrons.

Atomicnumber

Anumber,Z,associatedwiththenumberofprotonsinthenucleusofanatom.Everyelementcanbedefinedinsofitsatomicnumber,sinceeveryatomofagivenelementhasthesamenumberofprotons.

Axisofrotation

Thelinethateveryparticleintherotatingrigidbodycirclesabout.

B

Basisvector

Avectorofmagnitude1alongoneofthecoordinateaxes.Generally,wetakethebasisvectorstobe

and

thevectorsoflength1alongthex-andy-axes,respectively.

Beats

Whentwowavesofslightlydifferentfrequenciesinterferewithoneanother,theyproducea“beating”interferencepatternthatalternatesbetweenconstructive（in-phase）anddestructive（out-of-phase）.Inthecaseofsoundwaves,thissortofinterferencemakesa“wa-wa-wa”sound,andthefrequencyofthebeatsisequaltothedifferenceinthefrequenciesofthetwointerferingwaves.

Betadecay

Aformofradioactivedecaywhereaheavyelementejectsabetaparticleandaneutrino,becomingalighterelementintheprocess.

Betaparticle

Aparticle,

identicaltoanelectron.Betaparticlesareejectedfromanatomintheprocessofbetadecay.

Bohratomicmodel

Amodelfortheatomdevelopedin1913byNielsBohr.Accordingtothismodel,theelectronsorbitinganucleuscanonlyorbitatcertainparticularradii.Excitedelectronsmayjumptoamoredistantradiiandthenreturntotheirgroundstate,emittingaphotonintheprocess.

Boilingpoint

Thetemperatureatwhichamaterialwillchangephasefromliquidtogasorgastoliquid.

Boyle’sLaw

Foragasheldataconstanttemperature,pressureandvolumeareinverselyproportional.

C

Calorie

TheamountofheatneededtoraisethetemperatureofonegramofwaterbyonedegreeCelsius.1cal=4.19J.

Celsius

Ascaleformeasuringtemperature,definedsuchthatwaterfreezesat0ºCandboilsat100ºC.0ºC=273K.

Centerofcurvature

Withsphericalmirrors,thecenterofthesphereofwhichthemirrorisapart.Allofthenormalspassthroughit.

Centerofmass

Giventhetrajectoryofanobjectorsystem,thecenterofmassisthepointthathasthesameaccelerationastheobjectorsystemasawholewouldhaveifitsmasswereconcentratedatthatpoint.Intermsofforce,thecenterofmassisthepointatwhichagivennetforceactingonasystemwillproducethesameaccelerationasifthesystem’smasswereconcentratedatthatpoint.

Centripetalacceleration

Theaccelerationofabodyexperiencinguniformcircularmotion.Thisaccelerationisalwaysdirectedtowardthecenterofthecircle.

Centripetalforce

Theforcenecessarytomaintainabodyinuniformcircularmotion.Thisforceisalwaysdirectedradiallytowardthecenterofthecircle.

Chainreaction

Theparticlesandenergyreleasedbythefissionorfusionofoneatommaytriggerthefissionorfusionoffurtheratoms.Inachainreaction,fissionorfusionisrapidlytransferredtoalargenumberofatoms,releasingtremendousamountsofenergy.

Charles’sLaw

Foragasheldatconstantpressure,temperatureandvolumearedirectlyproportional.

Coefficientofkineticfriction

Thecoefficientofkineticfriction,

fortwomaterialsistheconstantofproportionalitybetweenthenormalforceandtheforceofkineticfriction.Itisalwaysanumberbetweenzeroandone.

Coefficientoflinearexpansion

Acoefficientthattellshowmuchamaterialwillexpandorcontractlengthwisewhenitisheatedorcooled.

Coefficientofstaticfriction

Thecoefficientofstaticfriction,

fortwomaterialsistheconstantofproportionalitybetweenthenormalforceandthemaximumforceofstaticfriction.Itisalwaysanumberbetweenzeroandone.

Coefficientofvolumeexpansion

Acoefficientthattellshowmuchthevolumeofasolidwillchangewhenitisheatedorcooled.

Coherentlight

Lightsuchthatalloftheassociatedwaveshavethesamewavelengthandareinphase.

Collision

Whenobjectscollide,eachobjectfeelsaforceforashortamountoftime.Thisforceimpartsanimpulse,orchangesthemomentumofeachofthecollidingobjects.Themomentumofasystemisconservedinallkindsofcollisions.Kineticenergyisconservedinelasticcollisions,butnotininelasticcollisions.Inaperfectlyinelasticcollision,thecollidingobjectssticktogetheraftertheycollide.

Completelyinelasticcollision

Acollisioninwhichthecollidingparticlessticktogether.

Component

Anyvectorcanbeexpressedasthesumoftwomutuallyperpendicularcomponentvectors.Usually,butnotalways,thesecomponentsaremultiplesofthebasisvectors,

and

;thatis,vectorsalongthex-axisandy-axis.Wedefinethesetwovectorsasthex-andy-componentsofthevector.

Compression

Anareaofhighairpressurethatactsasthewavecrestforsoundwaves.Thespacingbetweensuccessivecompressionsisthewavelengthofsound,andthenumberofsuccessiveareasofcompressionthatarriveattheearpersecondisthefrequency,orpitch,ofthesound.

Concavelens

Alsocalledadiverginglens,alensthatisthinnerinthemiddlethanattheedges.Concavelensesrefractlightawayfromafocalpoint.

Concavemirror

Amirrorthatiscurvedsuchthatitscenterisfartherfromtheviewerthantheedges,suchasthefrontofaspoon.Concavemirrorsreflectlightthroughafocalpoint.

Conduction

Heattransferbymolecularcollisions.

ConservationofAngularMomentum

Ifthenettorqueactingonarigidbodyiszero,thentheangularmomentumofthebodyisconstantorconserved.

Conservationofmomentum

Theprinciplestatingthatforanyisolatedsystem,linearmomentumisconstantwithtime.

Constantofproportionality

Aconstantinthenumeratorofaformula.

Constructiveinterference

Theamplificationofonewavebyanother,identicalwaveofthesamesign.Twoconstructivelyinterferingwavesaresaidtobe“inphase.”

Convection

Heattransferviathemassmovementofmolecules.

Convexlens

Alsocalledaconverginglens,alensthatisthickerinthemiddlethanattheedges.Convexlensesrefractlightthroughafocalpoint.

Convexmirror

Amirrorthatiscurvedsuchthatitscenterisclosertotheviewerthantheedges,suchasadoorknob.Convexmirrorsreflectlightawayfromafocalpoint.

Cosine

Thecosineofanangleinarighttriangl