专英词汇表.docx

专英词汇表.docx

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专英词汇表

Glossary

accountabilityTheprincipleunderwhichthepublicofficialsinademocracyareheldresponsiblefortheiractionsbythosewhoelectedorappointedthem.

adjudicationTheprocessbywhichajudgmentordecisionismadeaccordingtolaw;adversaryproceedingsinacourtoflaw.

administrativelaw行政法Therulesandregulationsmadebygovernmentagencies.

affirmativeaction优惠政策、纠偏行动Thehiringofmembersofaminoritygroupinordertomakeupforpreviousdiscriminationagainstthatgroup.

agenda议程Thelistofitemstobeconsideredatameetingorlegislativesession（议会会议）;moregenerally,thepoliticallyrelevantissues.

amendment修正案Achangeinoradditiontoabill,motion,orconstitution.

amicuscuriaebriefAbrieffiledbyapersonwhoisnotapartytoalawsuitbutmaybeaffectedbyitsoutcome.

appeal上诉Alegalproceedinginwhichacaseiscarriedfromalowercourttoahighercourtforrevieworreexamination.

appellatejurisdictionTherighttotrycasesonappealfromlowercourts.

appropriationAbillgrantingtheactualfundsforaprogramthathasbeenauthorizedbyCongress.

authorizationCongressionallegislationprescribingaparticularprogramandputtinglimitsonspendingforthatprogram.

TheArticlesofConfederation邦联条例TheArticleswereacompromisebetweenthestatesandthecentralgovernment.条例是各个州与中央政府之间的妥协。

（邦联：

有若干个州组成的松散联盟）

BillofRights人权法案ThefirsttenamendmentstotheU.S.Constitution.protecttherightsoftheindividualcitizen.

budget预算Astatementofestimatedincomeandexpenses.

bureaucraticdiscretionThesituationinwhichbureaucratsareabletomakepolicyinsteadofsimplycarryingitout.

capitalism资本主义Aneconomicsystembasedonprivateownershipofland,naturalresources,andthemeansofproduction,distribution,andexchange,inwhichthereisaminimumofgovernmentinterferenceintheeconomy.

centralizationThegravitationofpoliticalpoweranddecision-makingresponsibilityfromunitsoragenciesthataregeographicallysmallorfunctionallyseparatetoonesthatarelargerormoregeneral（cf.decentralization）.

checksandbalances制约与平衡Thesystemunderwhicheachbranchofthegovernmenthasthepowertolimittheactivitiesoftheotherbranches.

circuitcourt（ofappeals）Afederalcourtwithappellatejurisdictionassignedtooneoftheelevenjudicialcircuits,orregions,intheUnitedStates.

citizens'lobbyAninterestgroupthatlobbiesinbehalfofthepublicwelfare（e.g.,consumerprotection,conservation,politicalreform,etc.）.

civilliberties公民自由LibertiesguaranteedtotheindividualbytheFirstAmendmenttotheConstitution（宪法第一修正案）:

freedomofspeech,press,andassembly.

civilrights公民权利Therightstowhichacitizenislegallyentitled（有合法资格的）,includingindividualfreedoms,economicrights,anddueprocessoflaw.

civilserviceThesystemunderwhichmostgovernmentemployeesarehiredonthebasisofmeritandhavejobsecurityregardlessoftheadministrationinpower.

coalitionApoliticalunioncontainingavarietyofpoliticalgroups.

collectivegood公共物品Abenefitthatisavailabletoallcitizenswhetherornottheyhaveworkedtocreatethatbenefit.（eg:

publicpark/expressway/nationaldefense）

commissionplanAformofcitygovernmentinwhichasmallboardofelectedcommissionersservesbothasalegislativecouncilandasheadsofthecitydepartments（cf.council-managerplan,mayor-councilplan）.

commonlawJudge-madelaw,thatis,asetofdecisionsmadebyjudgesandconsideredbindinginsimilarcases.

communalactivity公共活动Politicalactivityinwhichcitizensactasagrouptopressurethegovernment.

comprehensiveplanning全面规划Aformofplanninginwhichallpossiblewaysofsolvingaproblemareconsidered（cf.incrementalplanning）.

concurrentmajorityTheideathatamajorityofthecitizensoftheUnitedStatescannotdeterminethepolicyfollowedwithinaparticularregion.

confederation联盟Aformofgovernmentinwhichthecentralgovernmentissubordinatetothestategovernments（cf.federation,unitarygovernment）.

conferencecommitteeAcommitteeformedtoresolvethedifferencesbetweentheversionsofabillpassedbytheSenate参议院antheHouseofRepresentatives众议院.ItusuallyconsistsofseniormembersoftheHouseandSenatecommitteessponsoringthebill.

confirmation批准TheSenate'spowertoapprovenominations（提名）madebythePresidentforcertainpublicoffices.

congressionalcaucus国会专题研究核心小组AmeetingofthemembersofonepoliticalpartyintheSenateortheHouseofRepresentativesinwhichvariousdecisionsaremadesuchasthechoiceofcongressionalpartyleaders.Also,particularsubgroupsinCongressbasedonrace,region,andthelike.

ConnecticutCompromiseThecompromiseinwhichitwasdecidedthatCongresswouldconsistoftwohouses:

theHouseofRepresentatives,inwhichthenumberofrepresentativesfromeachstatewouldbedeterminedbypopulation,andtheSenate,inwhicheachstatewouldberepresentedequally.

conservative保守派Apoliticalpositionthatfavorsmaintainingastablesocietyandstressestheneedforstrongpoliticalandsocialinstitutions.Conservativesoftenstresstheneedtomaintainthestatusquo（现状）（cf.liberal,radical）.

constituent选民Apersonwholivesinalegislativedistrict.

constitution宪法Thefundamentallaw--writtenorunwritten--thatsetsupthegovernmentofanation,state,oranyotherorganizedgroupofpeople;specifies（指定）thedutiesandpowersofthevariousgovernmentagencies;anddescribesindetailtherelationshipbetweenthecitizensandtheirgovernment.

constitutionallaw符合宪法的法律TheConstitutionplusthedecisionsmadebytheSupremeCourt（最高法院）whenithashadtointerpret（解释）theConstitution.

constitutionalism宪政Beliefingovernmentaccordingtoabasiclaw,orconstitution,againstwhichallotherlawsaremeasured.

cooperativefederalismThesysteminwhichgovernmentpowersaresharedacrossthevariouslevelsofgovernment--federal,state,andlocal（cf.dualfederalism）.

council-managerplan市长负责制Aformofcitygovernmentinwhichanonpartisancouncilhiresaprofessionalcitymanager,whorunsthecitysubjecttothecouncil'sapproval（cf.commissionplan,mayor-councilplan）.

decentralization非集权化Theprocessoftransferringpoliticalpoweranddecision-makingresponsibilityfromlargerpoliticalunitsoragenciestoonesthatservesmallergeographicareasornarrowerfunctionalconstituencies（cf.centralization）.

defactosegregationSegregationthatresultsfromhousingpatternsinwhichdifferentsocialgroups,e.g.,blacksandwhites,liveinseparateneighborhoods.

defendant被告Thedefendingpartyinacourtcase;thepersonsuedoraccused（cf.plaintiff原告）.

depletionallowanceAtaxreductionthatmaybetakenbyownersofoilangaswellsandotherminerals,supposedlytostimulateexplorationforsuchnaturalresources.

districtcourt州地方法院Afederalcourtoforiginaljurisdiction.Thereare90districtcourtsinthefederalcourtsystem.

documentaryresearchTheuseofrecordskeptbythegovernment,aswellasrecordspublishedbyothersources,indoingresearchonpoliticalquestions.

dualfederalismThedoctrinethatthestatesandthenationhaveseparateareasofresponsibility（cf.cooperativefederalism）.

dueprocessoflaw正当法律程序Theguarantee,containedintheFifthandFourteenthAmendmentstotheConstitution,thatanindividualcannotbedeprivedoflife,liberty,orpropertybyanarbitraryactofgovernment.

elector选举人AmemberoftheElectoralCollege.Eachstate'selectorsarechosenbythevotersintheNovemberelection.Theyusuallyvoteasaunitforthecandidatewhowonthegreatestnumberofvotesinthatstate.

ElectoralCollege选举人团Thegroupofelectors,representingallthestates,whoactuallychoosethenewPresidentandVice-President.

ethnicgroup同种同文化民族Agroupwhosememberssharecharacteristicssuchasnationalbackground,religion,customs,orlanguage.

executiveagreement行政协定AninternationalagreementsignedbythePresidentthatdoesnotneedSenateapproval.

executiveprivilege行政特权ThedoctrineunderwhichonlythePresidentcandecidewhatinformationabouttheactivitiesoftheexecutivebranchcanberevealedtothepublicortootherbranchesofthegovernment.

federalism联邦主义Asystemofgovernmentinwhichpowerissharedbetweenacentralgovernmentandstateorregionalgovernments.

FederalistPapersAseriesofessayswrittenbyAlexanderHamilton,JamesMadison,andJohnJaytodefendthenewConstitution.

federation联邦Aunionofstatesinwhicheachmemberagreestosubordinateitspowertothecentralauthorityincommonaffairswhileretainingauthorityonothermatters（cf.confederation,unitarygovernment）.

filibusterAdelayingtacticusedintheSenateinwhichasmallgroupcan"talkabilltodeath"undertheruleofunlimiteddebate.

floorleaders议会中的政党领袖Partyleaders,onefromeachpartyineachhouseofCongress,responsibleforkeepingpartymembersinformedandactiveinlegislativebattles.

grant-in-aid补助金Agrantoffundsbythefederalgovernmenttoastateorlocalgovernment（orbyastategovernmenttoalocalgovernment）tobeusedforaparticularpurpose.

Houseminorityleader少数党领袖TheleaderoftheminoritypartyintheHouseofRepresentatives（众议院）

impeachment弹劾Aformalaccusationofapublicofficialformisconductinoffice,madebythelowerhouseofalegislature.

impliedpowersThedoctrinethatCongressisn'tlimitedtothepowerslistedintheConstitutionbuthasallthepowersnecessarytocarryoutthosethatarelisted.

impoundmentLiterally,seizingandholdinginlegalcustody;politically,refusalbythePresidenttospendfundsappropriatedbyCongress.

incrementalplanning增值计划Aformofp