英国文学复习 填空题 全.docx

英国文学复习 填空题 全.docx

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英国文学复习填空题全

Chapter1TheAnglo-SaxonPeriod

1TheearliestsettlersoftheBritishIslesweretheCelts,whooriginallylivedintheupperRhinelandandmigratedtotheBritishIslesabout600B.C.

2.About400to300B.C.,theBrythons,abranchoftheCelts,cametotheBritishIslesandfromthemcamethenameBritain.ThecultureoftheCeltsbelongedtoanearlystageoftheironage.

3From55B.C.to407A.D.,theBritishIsleswereundertheruleoftheRomanEmpire.AtthattimetheRomanEmpirewasaslavesociety.

4ItruledoverEuropeandhadahighlevelofthecivilization.TheRomansdefeatedtheCeltsandbecamethemasteroftheBritishIsles.ItwasduringtheRomanoccupationthatLondonwasfounded.

5ThefirstRomangeneralwhocametoBritishwasthefamousJuliusCaesarwhocrossedtheDoverStraitin55B.C.

6Aboutthe450A.D.,waveoftheAnglos,SaxonsandJutesinvadedtheBritishIsles.TheysettledinEngland,anddrovetheCeltsintoWales,Scotland,andIreland.TheywereGermanictribes.

7TheAnglo-SaxonsdefeatedtheCelts,althoughthelatterresistedbravely.TheybecamethenewmastersoftheBritishIslesandweretheancestorsofthepresentEnglishpeople.

8Itwasaround500A.D.,inthestruggleagainstCerdic,thefounderofthekingdomofWessex,thattheCelticKingArthur,alegendaryfigure,issaidtohaveacquiredhisfame.

9Inthesecondhalfofthe9thcenturyKingAlfredtheGreatofWessexledtheAnglo-Saxonkingstodefeattheinvadersbyunitingtheirforces.

10Beginningfromlateofthe8thcentury,theDanes,ortheVikings,cametoinvadeEngland.

11Intheearly11thcentury,allEnglandwasconqueredbytheDanesfor23years.ThentheDaneswereexpelled,butin1066,theNormanscamefromNormandyinnorthernFrancetoattackEnglandundertheleadershipoftheDukeofNormandy,whoclaimedtheEnglishthrone.

12In597PopeGregorytheGreatsentSt.AugustinetoEnglandtoconverttheAnglo-Saxons.

13RelatedwiththeNorthumbrainSchoolwasCaedmonwholivedinthe7thcenturyandwhoturnedthestoriesintheBibleintoverseform.

14ThenallatonceCaedmonwouldsingandbecamethefirstAnglo-Saxonpoet.

15AnotherwellknownfigureoftheNorthumbrainschoolwastheVenerableBede,amonkwhowroteinLatinandwhoseworktheEcclesiasticalHistoryoftheEnglishPeopleearnedforhimthetitleof“fatherofEnglishhistory”.

16ItwasBedewhotoldaboutthestoryofCaedmon.

17ThesecondhighlightoftheAnglo-SaxonliteraturehappenedduringthereignoftheKingAlfred.

18In871AlfredbecamekingofWessex.Hegatheredaroundhimagroupofscholars,foundedapalaceschoolanddemandedthathisofficialsshouldtrytoeducatethemselves.

19AlfredwasresponsibleforthelaunchingofTheAnglo-SaxonChronicle.

20Alfred’sthirdcontributionisthathecreatedastyleofAnglo-Saxonprosewhichwasnotobscure.

21Oftheearliestepicpoetry,themostimportantpoemnowpreservedisBeowulf.Itisprobablyexistedintheoralform.

22Beowulfcontainsaltogether3,183linesandthestoryinitisbasedonpartlyhistoricalandpartlylegendarymaterials,broughtovertheAnglo-Saxonsfromtheiroriginalhomes.

23LikeHomer’spoetry,Beowulfsingstheexcitingadventureofagreatlegendaryherowhosephysicalstrengthdemonstrateshishighspiritualqualities,i.e.,hisresolutiontoservehiscountryandkinsfolk,histruecourage,courteousconduct,andhisloveofhonor.

24InreadingBeowulfwemustnoticethatthepoemisamixtureofthepaganismandChristianelements.

25Inadditiontoalliteration,the“scop”usedakindoffigurativelanguagecalled“kenning”inordertoordinaryobjects.

Chapter2TheNormanPeriod

1AtthebattleofHastings,thelastSaxonkingHaroldwasdefeatedbyDukeWilliamofNormandy.

2TheNormanConquestin1066acceleratedthedevelopmentoffeudalisminEngland.WilliamclaimedhimselfWilliamI,KingofEnglandandregardedhimselfasthesoleownerofthelandofallEngland.

3Besidestheking,thechurchpossessedonethirdofthelandinthecountryandhadpoliticalpoweraswellasreligiousauthority.

4ThechiefclassconflictofthetimeofNormanConquestwasthatbetweentheserfsandthepeasantsontheonehand,andtheirfeudallords,includingtheking,thebaronsandthechurchontheotherhand.

5Alargescalepeasantuprisingbrokein1381.

6ForthreecenturiesoftheNormanConquest,twolanguageswereusedsidebysideinEnglish.LatinandFrenchwerethelanguagesoftheupperclasses.However,thecommonpeopleclungtotheAnglo-Saxonwhichhadundergoneremarkablechanges.

8ItistruethatbyfarthelargestproportionofsurvivingMiddleEnglishliteratureisreligious.ThechurchhadavirtualmonopolyofliteratureduringmuchoftheMiddleAges.

9Untiltheendofthe14thcenturyChristianteachingwasprimarilyconcernedwiththeissueofpersonalsalvation,puttingtheemphasisonthemoralandspiritualresponsibilitiesoftheindividualratheronhisethnicalandsocialresponsibilities.Lookingtotheworldtocomewasregardedastheonlyanswertomen’strouble.

10ThethreecenturiesaftertheNormanConquestsawthelargescaleintroductionofFrenchcultureandliterature.

11RomancewasatypeofliteraturethatwaspopularintheMiddleAges.

12Thegreatageofmedievalromancewasthe12thandearly13thcenturiesanditschiefbreedinggroundwasthearistocraticsocietyinFrance.

Chapter3TheAgeofChaucer

1TwoimportanthistoricaleventshappenedduringthecenturyinwhichChaucerlivedandtheirinfluencecanbedetectedinthewritingsofChaucerandlanguage.ThefirstwastheHundredYears’WarbetweenEnglandandFrance.Thesecondhistoricaleventswerethepeasantuprisingof1381.

2DuringthereignofKingRichardIII,thefirstsevenEnglishkingswereinfactlivinginFrance.Theywereabsenteerulers.

3Theresultofthehundredyears’warwasanawakeningofnationalconsciousnessinEngland.

4InthetimeofChaucer,theFrenchlanguagewasgraduallyreplacedbythenativetongue.

5ThePeasantUprisingof1381wasthedirectresultofexploitationandoppressionofthepeasantbythefeudallords.AclergymanbythenameJohnBallbecametheirspiritualleader,andtheirmilitaryleaderwasanoldsoldiernamedWatTyler.

6JohnWycliffwasimportantbecausehewasoneofthefirstfigureswhodemandedtoreformthechurchinordertodoawaywiththecorruptionandrottenness.HewasalsoimportantbecausehewasthemanwhotranslatedtheBibleintoStandardEnglish.

7WyclifffixedanationalstandardforEnglishprosetoreplacevarieddialects.Hisworkearnedhimthetitleof“fatherofEnglishprose.”

GeoffreyChaucer（ca.1340-1400）

TheworksofChaucerareroughlydividedintothreeperiods,correspondingtothethreeperiodsofhislife.

1Thefirstperiodextendsfrom1360to1372,whenChaucerwroteundertheinfluenceofFrenchliterature.InthisperiodheimitatedFrenchpoetryandeventranslatedFrenchpoemshimself.

2Thesecondperiodisfrom1372to1386whenhewroteundertheinfluenceoftheItalianliterature.

3Thethirdperiodcoversthelastfifteenyearsofhislife.TheCanterburyTaleswaswrittenintheyearsbetween1387and1400.

Chapter4TheFifteenthCentury

1TheHundredYears’Warcontinuedandin1415attheBattleofAgincourt,KingHenryVdefeatedtheFrencharmyandclaimedhimselftheheirtotheFrenchthrone.

2TheWarofRoses,ortheThirtyYears’War,wasaseriousofcivilwarsfoughtbetweentwogreatfamilies,bothofwhichclaimedtherighttotheEnglishthrone.TheHouseofLancasterusedaredroseasitsemblemandtheHouseofYorkidentifieditselfwithawhiterose.

3HenryTudororHenryVIImarriedElizabethoftheHouseofYork,broughtcompromisebetweenthetwofamilies,andestablishedahighlyconsolidatedrule.

4In1492,aGenoesemariner,ChristopherColumbuswhobelievedthathecouldreachIndiabysailingwest,landedinAmerica.

5In1497,VascodaGama,aPortuguesemariner,sailedroundthetipofAfricaandreachedIndiainthefollowingyear.

6Duringhisreign,HenryVIIItookdecisivemeasurestobreakawayfromtheChurchofRome.In1534hepassedthroughParliamenttheActofSupremacywhichregardedhimasthesupremeheadonearth.ThechurchHenryVIIIfoundedistheAnglicanChurch.

7Inaballad,theballadmeterisused.Itisthecommonformfortheballads.Itcontainsfour-linestanzas.Theoddnumberedlineshavefourfeeteachandtheevennumberedlineshavethreefeeteach.

8SirThomasMalory,theauthorofTheDeathofArthurmadegreatcontributiontothedevelopmentofEnglishprose.LittleknownisaboutthelifeofMalory,exceptthefactthathewasaknight.

9Bythe14thcenturytheliturgyhaddevelopedintomysteryplaysandmiracleplays.Therearenosharpdistinctionsbetweenthesetwokindsofplays,thoughtheformerarechieflybasedonstoriesfromtheBible,andthelatteronthelivesofChristiansaints.

10Inthe14thcenturyliturgythevernacularhadtakentheplaceofLatinandlaymentheplaceofclergymen.Theguildsactivelytookpartintheperformancesandeachofthemplayedtherolethatwasrelatedwithitsprofession.Forexample,thepartofNoahbuildingthearkwasplayedbytheguildofshipbuildersorcarpenters.

Chapter5TheEnglishRenaissance（1550-1642）

1Afterlongyearsofforeignanddomesticwars,EnglandenjoyedaperiodofpeaceandprosperityduringthereignofQueenElizabeth.

2ByadoptingapolicyoftolerancetheQueenElizabethsuccessfullymaintainedabalanceofpowerbetweenthefeudallordsandtherisingburghersandwellasbetweentheProtestantsandtheCatholics.