step-by-step3000第三册unit9答案及原文Word文件下载.doc

step-by-step3000第三册unit9答案及原文Word文件下载.doc

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Tapescript:

1.Boeing,theworld'

sleadingcommercialairplanemaker,announcedithas18billiondollarsinnewordersthisyearforitsnew777jetliner.ThisfigureputsdemandfortheBoeingaircraftaheadofcomparablemodelsproducedbyrivalAirbusofEurope.

2.BritishAirwaysandDutchcarrierKLMconfirmtheyareinactofmergertalks.SwissAirwonapprovalfortakingmajoritycontrolofBelgium'

sSabenaAirlinesandtherewasanotherflurryoftake-overdiscussionsamongsomemajorAmericancarriers.TheycomeontheheelsofnumberoneUnitedAirlines'

offertobuynumbersixU.S.Airwaystwoweeksago.Thenation'

snumbertwo,AmericanAirlines,andthecountry'

sthirdlargest,Delta,havebeenhavingwhataredescribedaspreliminarydiscussionsaboutapossiblecombination.AmericanhadreportedlybeentalkingwithNorthwestaboutahookupaswell.ThetopthreeU.S.airlines,United,AmericanandDeltacurrentlycontrol56percentofU.S.airtraffic.Ifthemergersgothrough,they'

dcontrol85percent.

B

Monorail

1.Monorailsystemsrelyonaverysimpletechnology:

rubber-tiredcarsridingonanarrowconcreteguide-way.

2.Monorailsystemsarecapableofspeedsof65milesperhourandofferridequalitycomparabletoconventionalrailtransittechnologies.

3.Monorailsystemsaresafeandmoreenvironmentallysensitivethananyotherelevatedtransittechnology.

4.Andnoiseandneighborhooddisruptioncausedbymonorailconstructionaredramaticallylowerthanotherformsofmasstransit.

Maglev

1.Oneofthemostexitingrecentinnovationsinrailroadtechnologyismagneticlevitation,orMaglev,whichreliesontheprincipleofmagnetism--attractionandrepulsion.

2.Thisnewtechnologywillresultintrainsthatarefaster,smoother,moreefficient,morecomfortable,andmoreenvironmentallysound.

LightRail

1.Lightrailtransitisanelectricrailwaysystemcharacterizedbyitsabilitytooperatesinglecarsormulti-cartrainsalongsharedorexclusiverights-of-wayatgroundlevel,onaerialstructures,insubways,oroccasionallyinstreets.

2.Itisabletoboardanddischargepassengersatstationplatformsoratstreet,track,orcar-floorlevel,andisnormallypoweredbyoverheadelectricalwires.

3.Themaximumspeedoflightrailtrainsisnormally60milesperhour（100kmperhour）.

4.Passengercapacityofeachcarinamultiplecarconsistcanbeuptoasmanyas250passengers（standeesincluded）.

Tapescript:

1.Monorail

Monorailsystemsrelyonaverysimpletechnology:

rubber-tiredcarsridingonanarrowconcreteguide-way.Thecarsareselfpropelledbyelectricmotorswithpowerpickupviadistributionbarsmountedonthesideoftheguide-way.Monorailsystemsarecapableofspeedsof65milesperhourandofferridequalitycomparabletoconventionalrailtransittechnologies.

Monorailsystemsaresafebecausethedesignandnatureofmonorailsystemsmakeitverydifficultfortrespasserstoaccesstheguide-wayandpowerrails.

Monorailsystemsaremoreenvironmentallysensitivethananyotherelevatedtransittechnologyduetothemonorail'

snarrowguide-waystructureandquietrubbertires.Also,sincemanyofthepylonandrailcomponentscanbeprefabricatedelsewhereandthenassembledalongtheroutes,thenoiseanddisruptionofconstructionwillbekepttoaminimum.Thus,noiseandneighborhooddisruptioncausedbymonorailconstructionaredramaticallylowerthanotherformsofmasstransit.

2.Maglev

Oneofthemostexitingrecentinnovationsinrailroadtechnologyismagneticlevitation,orMaglev,whichreliesontheprincipleofmagnetism-attractionandrepulsion.Thisnewtechnology,stillunderdevelopment,willresultintrainsthatarefaster,smoother,moreefficient,morecomfortable,andmoreenvironmentallysound.Nolongerwilltrainsrumbleheavilyalongsteelrails;

rather,theywillfloatalongamagneticcushionwithoutanydirectcontactwiththeground.

3.LightRail

Lightrailtransitisanelectricrailwaysystem,constructedinthe1970sorlater,characterizedbyitsabilitytooperatesinglecarsormulti-cartrainsalongsharedorexclusiverights-of-wayatgroundlevel,onaerialstructures,insubways,oroccasionallyinstreets.Itisabletoboardanddischargepassengersatstationplatformsoratstreet,track,orcar-floorlevel,andisnormallypoweredbyoverheadelectricalwires.

Inmostcurrentsettings,lightrailisanythingbut"

light"

andisbuilttoexactingstandards.Themaximumspeedoflightrailtrainsisnormally60milesperhour（100kmperhour）,whileheavyrailtrainsnormallyoperateathigherspeeds.Dependinguponthespecificsystem,thedistancebetweenlightrailstationsisshorterthanwithinheavyrailsystems,whichlendssomemajoradvantagestourbansettings.

Lightrailtrainsoperateaseithersingleormultiplecarconsists.Passengercapacityofeachcarinamultiplecarconsistcanbeuptoasmanyas250passengers（standeesincluded）.

PARTII

In1888,Boston,Massachusetts,becamethefirstAmericancitytoreplacehorse-drawntrolleyswithelectricstreetcars.Streetcars,whichlooksimilartotrainpassengercoaches,clangedtheirbells,rattledaroundthecornersandcrriedalmost14billionridersattheirheightin1920.oldphotosshowoverheadvirescrisscrossingalmosteveryUScity.ThenstreetcarsridershipreplacedtrolleyssteadilyasAmericanstooktoautomobilesandcommunitiesreplacedtrolleyswithbuses.Butnowitseemscitiescan’tlaystreetcarstracksfastenough.

SowhyisthenumberofUScitiesrunningstreetcarsandotherlightrailsystemsnowupto19?

Whyare43othercitiesbuildingordrawingplansforlightraillines?

DanTangherliniisactingdicrestorofWanshingtonD.C.’sTransportationDepartment.

:

Manycitiesarebeginningtore-evaluatethatdecisiontomoveawayfromstreetcars.Welookatcurrentbusridershipmembers,andmanyoftheroutesthathavethehighestbusridershipweresomeofourmostpopularstreetcarroutes.Sotheregoesthenotiongthatthebusesareprovidingincreasedflexibility,atleastonthoseroads.Andsomaybethere’ssomethingbetweentheveryexpensivesubwaysystems,whichcostbetween140and200milliondollarsamileandthebusroute.Andthat’swhatwe’rebeginningtoask.

Streetcarlinescostlessthan10milliondollarsamiletobuild.Washingtonisthelatestcitytoannounceitisstudyingthefeasibilityofbringingbackstreetcars,eventhoughitalreadyitalreadyenjoysafast-movingregionalsubwaysystemcalled“metro”thatrunsthroughseveralpartsofthecity.

AcrosscountryinWashingtonD.C.,BillLindworksforaconservativethinktankcalledtheFreeCongressFoundation.Theorganizationhasprintedseveralstudiessupportinglightrailtransit,includingstreetcars.

“Theoldrationaleforgettingridofthestreetcarsisthattheygetinthewayoftheautomobiles.Butwhatwefoundisthattheautomobile,generallywithonepersonpercar,isprobablytheleastefficientwaytousethelimitedamountofspaceyouhaveonurbanstreets.Ifyou’vegot50peopleonboardastreetcar,you’redoingalotbetterjobofmakinguseofthestreetspaceyouhave.”

EvenifWashington’stransitdepartmentgetsthegreenlighttobringbackstreetcars,it’slikelytobeatleasttenyearsbeforeMr.Lindandhisneighborwillberidingthem.Thecityhastosecurefederalfundingforalargechunkofthework.Citizenswhosaytheypineforthetrolleysmaylosetheirnostalgiawhentheyrealizethecarswillbejanglingpasttheirwindowsorslowingtheirautomobileridesacrosstown.

ButacrossAmerica,streetcarsandlightrailtrainsarecuriositiesnolonger.They’reaprestigeitem,tangibleproofthatacityisenvironmentallyfriendly,onthemove,andintouchwiththehumandesire,inthemidstoftoday’sbustleandspeed,forastreetcar’ssoothingtouchofserenity.

A:

themostpopularstreetcarroutes

B:

lessthan10milliondollars（130-190milliondollars）/between140and200milliondollars

theleastefficientwaytousethelimitedamountofspaceonurbanstreets

you’vegot50peopleonboardastreetcar.

federalfunding

janglepastcitizens’windows

C:

slowtheautomobilesrides

acityisenvironmentallyfriendly

astreetcar’ssoothingtouchofserenity.

I.Aboveandundergroundpublictransitsystems

A.trafficjams/congestion

B.frustration/discomfort/unhapiness

II.Publictransportation

A.lightrailsystems

B.anewpublictrain

III.

B.1.metrosystems

2.SoutheastAsia

3.innovativeusofpublictransitbuses.

IV.Excessivegreenhousegasemissions

B.clean

C.theamountofenergyused

Transcript:

Todaytheworld’surbanareasholdmorethan4timesthepopulationinthe1950’s.trafficispillingupinnearlyeverymajormetropolitanarea.InBangkok,theCapitalofThailand,trafficjamslastforhourswhiletheeconomylosesanestimated6%ofoutput.Manygovernmentsarepromotingaboveandundergroundtransitsystemstofightsuchcongestion.

Thesoundsofpublictransitsystemsarespreadingthroughouttheworld.UrbantrainsareappearingeveninthewideexpansesofthewesternUnitedStates,inplaceslikeDallas,aTexascityknownforoilrichesandbigcars.

“InTexas,wearenotveryusedtoridingatraintotravelaroundthecity.Butactually,DallasandHoustonhavebothstartedlightrailsystems.Itisverypopularinbothcities.”ThisisBrewsterMcCracken,acitycou