商务契约关系的作业封面.docx

商务契约关系的作业封面.docx

《商务契约关系的作业封面.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《商务契约关系的作业封面.docx（10页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

商务契约关系的作业封面

BusinessContractualRelationships

Assessment3

Preparedby:

shendanxia（CandidateNo.2009***）

InternationalCollege

CentralSouthUniversityofForestryandTechnology

8thMay2012

Casestudy1

Question1:

Thedutyofcare

ThelawofDelict,likethelawofcontract,isapartofthelawofObligations.Delictisaboutacivilwrongcommittedbyapersonindeliberateornegligentbreachofalegalduty,fromwhichliabilitytomakereparationforanyconsequentiallossorinjurymayarise.Delictisalsoknownasthelawof'civilwrongs'andappliestomuchofthesameareaoflawastheEnglishlawof'tort'.Therehavetobethreeelementspresentforadelict--damnuminjuriadatum--orlosscausedbyawrong.Fromthelatinphraseyoucanseethatthisareaoflawdevelopedmainlyfromtheromanlaw.

TheremustbethreeelementspresentforGeneralPrinciplesofDelictualLiability:

Alossorinjury,suchasphysicalorpersonalinjury,thelossofearnings,nervousshock,distress,damagetoareputation

Causedbyalegalwrong（wrongfulconduct）

Causedbyculpa（fault,intentionallyornegligentlydone）onthepartofthewrongdoer.

Twoexceptions:

oneisthevicariousliability,wherethedefenderisliablefortheactionsofanother.Anotheristhestrictliability,whereliabilitycanarisewithoutfaultthroughstatutoryprovision.Inthiscase,DannyandMcGregorbelongstovicariousliability.Thevicariousliabilityisanexampleofjointandseveralliability（iftwoormorepersonshavecontributedtothedelict,thentheyarejointly&severallyliable.）astheinjuredpartycansueboththeemployeeandtheemployer.SointhecaseDannyhasadutyofcarewithMcGregor.

Thedutyofcare,thereisnoliabilityforafailuretotakeduecareunlesstherewasadutytotakecareinthefirstplace.Adutyofcareisimposedbyboththecommonlawandbystatutorylaw:

forexample,theprovisionsoftheHealth&SafeAtWorkAct1974.Thedutyofcareisthereforesomeonewhomthedefenderoughttohavecontemplatedaswithinsufficientproximitytothedefendertobeowedadutyofcare.

Thedutyofcaredependsonwhetherthedefendershouldreasonablyhaveforeseenthathisactsoromissionswouldcauseharmtothepursuer.Insomeway,dutyofcaremaybeconsideredaformalizationofthesocialcontract,theimplicitresponsibilitiesheldbyindividualstowardsotherswithinthesociety.

ThejudicialprecedentisBourhillvYoung（1943）,thedefenderdroveamotorcyclenegligentlypasttheinsideofaparkedtramataroadjunction.Ondoingso,hecollidedwithacarandwaskilled.Thepursuerwasonthefarsideofthetramwhentheaccidentoccurredanddidnotwitnesstheaccidentalthoughsheheardit.Shelatersawbloodontheroadandclaimedtohavesufferednervousshockandasubsequentmiscarriage.Itwasheldthatthedefendercouldnothavereasonablyforeseenthathisfailuretotakecarewouldcauseinjurytothepursuerinherpositionbehindthetram.Shedidnothavetherelevantproximitytotheaccident.

Question2.ThestandardofcareforMrsMcGregorentitledtoexpectfromDanny

Thesenseofcarevariesaccordingtotheparticularcircumstances,forexampledrivinginveryicyconditionswouldrequireagreaterstandardofcarethaninnormalweatherconditions.Inthiscase,thestandardofcareshouldMrsMcGregorhavebeenentitledtoexpectfromDannyisthestandardofcarevariesaccordingotheparticularcircumstances.Generallythedegreeofcarerequiredvariesdependingontheriskinvolved.Followingtheestablishmentthatthereisadutyofcare,theonusisonthepursuertoestablishthatthedutyofcarehasbeenbreached.Liabilitywillonlyariseinrespectoflossorinjurythatisthereasonableandprobableconsequenceofthebreach.Inthiscase,wecanknownthatafterworkingonthebrakesforabout45minutes,Dannytightenedsomescrewsandtheproblemappearedtohavebeensorted.Thatmeansit'sDennydidnotreachthestandardofhiscare.

ThejudicialprecedentisParisvStepneyBoroughCouncil（1951）,amechanic,knowntohisemployerstobeblindinoneeye,wassettoworkinagarage.Hewasnotprovidedwithsafetygogglesasitwasnotthecustomarypracticeofhisemployerstoprovidethemforhistypeofwork.Whilstworkinghewasdamagedinhisgoodeyebyachipofmetalandbecamecompletelyblind.Itwasheldthattheemployersowedadutyifcaretoprovidehimwithgogglesashewasatgreaterriskofinjurythanotheremployeeswithsightinbotheyes.

Question3.TheMrsMcGregor'slegalposition

Yes,IthinkthatMrsMcGregorcansueDannyinrespectofherinjuriesandthedamagecausedtohercar.Becausethiscaseisbelongofthedelictofnegligence.Aswehaveseen,itisessentialthatthepursuerprovesthatthedefender'swrongfulact（negligence）hascausedharmorinjurytothepursuer.Acausallinkmustbeestablishedandthebreachmustbethefactualcauseoftheloss.Thisisknownasthecausasinequanon.Anditisalsonecessarytoprovethatthebreachwasthecausacausansoftheloss,orthelegalcauseinthesenseoftheeffectiveorimmediatecause.

Normallythefactualandthelegalclauseareoneandthesame,anditisonlyincaseswheretherearecomplicationsinthecausalchangethatthereisanissueastowhatwastheeffectivecauseoftheharm.Inthiscase,McGregorwasseriouslyinjuredinacarcrashbecausehebrakesfailedwhensheapproachedthebusyBlackwaterjunctionandshewashitbyanoncomingcar.Butbeforethetrafficaccident,McGregorhadbeentoputthecarinDannytocheckandrepair,but,Dannydidnotpaymoreattentiontothiscar.SoDanny’snegligenceisthereasonwhytheaccidenthappenandmakeMcGregorinjured.AndMcGregorcangiveenoughprooftoprovehercarcrashisthereasonbyDanny’snegligence.AndthecourtcanaccordingtheeffectivecausetorulethatDannyorthegarageownershouldpaythecompensationofdamagetoMcGregor.

ThejudicialprecedentisMcKewvHolland&Hannen,&Cubitts（Scotland）Ltd（1969）,thepursuerinjuredhisankleduetothedefender'snegligence.Aftertheaccidenthevisitedaflatanddescendedastairwaywithnohandrailwithouttakingduecare.Hisleggavewayandhejumped,furtherinjuringhisleg.Thecourtheldthedefendersliableforthefirstinjurytoanovusactusinterveniens.

Casestudy2

Question1.Section1Animals（Scotland）Act1987

TheliabilityappliestothekeeperofananimalisTheAnimals（Scotland）Act1987.Actestablishedprovisionstoclarifythestrictliabilityforinjuryordamagecausedbyanimals-thatisliabilityevenwithoutdeliberateornegligentconduct.Itstatesthatapersonwillbeliableforanyinjuryordamagecausedbyanimalifthreefactsallapply:

Ifanypersonbeingtheownerorhavingchargeorcontrolofanyanimalshall

withoutreasonablecauseorexcuseabandonit,whetherpermanentlyornot,in

circumstanceslikelytocausetheanimalanyunnecessarysuffering,orcauseor

procureor,beingtheowner,permitittobesoabandoned,heshallbeguiltyof

anoffenceofcrueltywithinthemeaningoftheprincipalActandliabletothe

penaltiesprescribedbysubsection

（1）ofsectiononeofthatAct,andthe

provisionsoftheProtectionofAnimalsActsshallapplytoanoffenceunder

thissectionastheyapplytoanoffenceagainstthesaidsubsection

（1）.

（1）Ifanyperson--

（a）shallcruellybeat,kick,ill-treat,over-ride,over-drive,over-load,

torture,infuriate,orterrifyanyanimal,orshallcauseorprocure,or,being

theowner,permitanyanimaltobesoused,orshall,bywantonlyor

unreasonablydoingoromittingtodoanyact,orcausingorprocuringthe

commissionoromissionofanyact,causeanyunnecessarysuffering,or,being

theowner,permitanyunnecessarysufferingtobesocausedtoanyanimal;or

（b）shallconveyorcarry,orcauseorprocure,or,beingtheowner,permitto

beconveyedorcarried,anyanimalinsuchmannerorpositionastocausethat

animalanyunnecessarysuffering;or

（c）shallcause,procure,orassistatthefightingorbaitingofanyanimal;or

shallkeep,use,manage,oractorassistinthemanagementof,anypremisesor

placeforthepurpose,orpartlyforthepurposeoffightingorbaitingany

animal,orshallpermitanypremisesorplacetobesokept,managed,orused,

orshallreceive,orcauseorprocureanypersontoreceive,moneyforthe

admissionofanypersontosuchpremisesorplace;or

（d）shallwillfully,withoutanyreasonablecauseorexcuse,administer,orcause

orprocure,orbeingtheownerpermit,suchadministrationof,anypoisonousor

injuriousdrugorsubstancetoanyanimal,orshallwilfully,withoutany

reasonablecauseorexcuse,causeanysuchsubstancetobetakenbyanyanimal;

（e）shallsubject,orcausetoprocure,orbeingtheownerpermit,tobe

subjected,anyanimaltoanyoperationwhichisperformedwithoutduecareand

humanity;[or][FN1]

（f）shalltetheranyhorse,assormuleundersuchconditionsorinsuchmanner

astocausethatanimalunnecessarysuffering;

[FN2]suchpersonshallbeguiltyofanoffenceofcrueltywithinthemeaningof

thisAct,andshallbeliable[[FN3]][FN6]uponsummaryconvictiontoafine

notexceeding[fiftypounds][FN7],oralternatively,orinadditionthereto,to

beimprisoned,withorwithouthardlabour,foranytermnotexceeding.Andsoon.

Section1oftheAnimals（Scotland）Act1987'ifananimalbelongstoaspecieswhosemembersgenerallyare,byvirtueoftheirphysicalattributesorhabits,likely（unlesscontrolledorrestrained）toinjureseverelyorkillpersonsoranimals,ord