国际经济学 克鲁格曼 教材答案.docx

国际经济学 克鲁格曼 教材答案.docx

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国际经济学克鲁格曼教材答案

Chapter3

1．Homehas1200unitsoflaboravailable.Itcanproducetwogoods,applesandbananas.Theunitlaborrequirementinappleproductionis3,whileinbananaproductionitis2.

a．Graphouttheproductionpossibilitiesfrontier:

b．Whatistheopportunitycostofapplesintermsofbananas?

c．Intheabsenceoftrade,whatwouldthepriceofapplesintermsofbananasbe?

Intheabsenceoftrade,sincelaboristheonlyfactorofproductionandsupplydecisionsaredeterminedbytheattemptsofindividualstomaximizetheirearningsinacompetitiveeconomy,onlywhen

willbothgoodsbeproduced.So

2．Homeisasdescribedinproblem1.Thereisnowalsoanothercountry,Foreign,withalaborforceof800.Foreign’sunitlaborrequirementinappleproductionis5,whileinbananaproductionitis1.

a．GraphForeign’sproductionpossibilitiesfrontier:

b．Constructtheworldrelativesupplycurve.

3．Nowsupposeworldrelativedemandtakesthefollowingform:

Demandforapples/demandforbananas=priceofbananas/priceofapples.

a．Graphtherelativedemandcurvealongwiththerelativesupplycurve:

∵Whenthemarketachievesitsequilibrium,wehave

∴RDisahyperbola

b．Whatistheequilibriumrelativepriceofapples?

TheequilibriumrelativepriceofapplesisdeterminedbytheintersectionoftheRDandRScurves.

RD:

RS:

∴

∴

c．Describethepatternoftrade.

∵

∴Inthistwo-countryworld,Homewillspecializeintheappleproduction,exportapplesandimportbananas.Foreignwillspecializeinthebananaproduction,exportbananasandimportapples.

d．ShowthatbothHomeandForeigngainfromtrade.

InternationaltradeallowsHomeandForeigntoconsumeanywherewithinthecoloredlines,whichlieoutsidethecountries’productionpossibilityfrontiers.Andtheindirectmethod,specializinginproducingonlyoneproductionthentradewithothercountry,isamoreefficientmethodthandirectproduction.Intheabsenceoftrade,Homecouldgainthreebananasbyforegoingtwoapples,andForeigncouldgainbyoneforegoingfivebananas.Tradeallowseachcountrytotradetwobananasforoneapple.HomecouldthengainfourbananasbyforegoingtwoappleswhileForeigncouldgainoneapplebyforegoingonlytwobananas.SobothHomeandForeigngainfromtrade.

4．Supposethatinsteadof1200workers,Homehad2400.Findtheequilibriumrelativeprice.WhatcanyousayabouttheefficiencyofworldproductionandthedivisionofthegainsfromtradebetweenHomeandForeigninthiscase?

RD:

RS:

∴

∴

Inthiscase,Foreignwillspecializeinthebananaproduction,exportbananasandimportapples.ButHomewillproducebananasandapplesatthesametime.AndtheopportunitycostofbananasintermsofapplesforHomeremainsthesame.SoHomeneithergainsnorlosesbutForeigngainsfromtrade.

5．SupposethatHomehas2400workers,buttheyareonlyhalfasproductioninbothindustriesaswehavebeenassuming,Constructtheworldrelativesupplycurveanddeterminetheequilibriumrelativeprice.Howdothegainsfromtradecomparewiththoseinthecasedescribedinproblem4?

Inthiscase,thelaborisdoubledwhiletheproductivityoflaborishalved,sothe＂effectivelabor＂remainsthesame.Sotheanswerissimilartothatin3.AndbothHomeandForeigncangainfromtrade.ButForeigngainslessercomparewiththatinthecase4.

6．”Koreanworkersearnonly$2.50anhour;ifweallowKoreatoexportasmuchasitlikestotheUnitedStates,ourworkerswillbeforceddowntothesamelevel.Youcan’timporta$5shirtwithoutimportingthe$2.50wagethatgoeswithit.”Discuss.

Infact,relativewagerateisdeterminedbycomparativeproductivityandtherelativedemandforgoods.Korea’slowwagereflectsthefactthatKoreaislessproductivethantheUnitedStatesinmostindustries.Actually,tradewithalessproductive,lowwagecountrycanraisethewelfareandstandardoflivingofcountrieswithhighproductivity,suchasUnitedStates.Sothispauperlaborargumentiswrong.

7．JapaneselaborproductivityisroughlythesameasthatoftheUnitedStatesinthemanufacturingsector（higherinsomeindustries,lowerinothers）,whiletheUnitedStates,isstillconsiderablymoreproductiveintheservicesector.Butmostservicesarenon-traded.SomeanalystshavearguedthatthisposesaproblemfortheUnitedStates,becauseourcomparativeadvantageliesinthingswecannotsellonworldmarkets.Whatiswrongwiththisargument?

Thecompetitiveadvantageofanyindustrydependsonboththerelativeproductivitiesoftheindustriesandtherelativewagesacrossindustries.Sotherearefouraspectsshouldbetakenintoaccountbeforewereachconclusion:

boththeindustriesandservicesectorsofJapanandU.S.,notjustthetwoservicesectors.Sothisstatementdoesnotbadeonthereasonablelogic.

8．AnyonewhohasvisitedJapanknowsitisanincrediblyexpensiveplace;althoughJapaneseworkersearnaboutthesameastheirU.S.counterparts,thepurchasingpoweroftheirincomesisaboutone-thirdless.Extendyourdiscussingfromquestion7toexplainthisobservation.（Hint:

Thinkaboutwagesandtheimpliedpricesofnon-tradegoods.）

TherelativehigherpurchasingpowerofU.S.issustainedandmaintainedbyitsconsiderablyhigherproductivityinservices.Becausemostofthoseservicesarenon-traded,Japanesecouldnotbenefitfromthoselowerservicecosts.AndU.S.doesnothavetofacealowerinternationalpriceofservices.SothepurchasingpowerofJapaneseisjustone-thirdoftheirU.S.counterparts.

9．Howdoesthefactthatmanygoodsarenon-tradedaffecttheextentofpossiblegainsfromtrade?

Actuallythegainsfromtradedependedontheproportionofnon-tradedgoods.Thegainswillincreaseastheproportionofnon-tradedgoodsdecrease.

10．Wehavefocusedonthecaseoftradeinvolvingonlytwocountries.Supposethattherearemanycountriescapableofproducingtwogoods,andthateachcountryhasonlyonefactorofproduction,labor.Whatcouldwesayaboutthepatternofproductionandinthiscase?

（Hint:

Tryconstructingtheworldrelativesupplycurve.）

Anycountriestotheleftoftheintersectionoftherelativedemandandrelativesupplycurvesexportthegoodinwhichtheyhaveacomparativeadvantagerelativetoanycountrytotherightoftheintersection.Iftheintersectionoccursinahorizontalportionthenthecountrywiththatpriceratioproducesbothgoods.

Chapter4

1．IntheUnitedStateswherelandischeap,theratiooflandtolaborusedincattlerisingishigherthanthatoflandusedinwheatgrowing.Butinmorecrowdedcountries,wherelandisexpensiveandlaborischeap,itiscommontoraisecowsbyusinglesslandandmorelaborthanAmericansusetogrowwheat.Canwestillsaythatraisingcattleislandintensivecomparedwithfarmingwheat?

Whyorwhynot?

Thedefinitionofcattlegrowingaslandintensivedependsontheratiooflandtolaborusedinproduction,notontheratiooflandorlabortooutput.TheratiooflandtolaborincattleexceedstheratioinwheatintheUnitedStates,implyingcattleislandintensiveintheUnitedStates.Cattleislandintensiveinothercountriestooiftheratiooflandtolaborincattleproductionexceedstheratioinwheatproductioninthatcountry.ThecomparisonbetweenanothercountryandtheUnitedStatesislessrelevantforansweringthequestion.

2．Supposethatatcurrentfactorpricesclothisproducedusing20hoursoflaborforeachacreofland,andfoodisproducedusingonly5hoursoflaborperacreofland.

a.Supposethattheeconomy’stotalresourcesare600hoursoflaborand60acresofland.Usingadiagramdeterminetheallocationofresources.

WecansolvethisalgebraicallysinceL=LC+LF=600andT=TC+TF=60.

ThesolutionisLC=400,TC=20,LF=200andTF=40.

b.Nowsupposethatthelaborsupplyincreasefirstto800,then1000,then1200hours.UsingadiagramlikeFigure4-6,traceoutthechangingallocationofresources.

c.Whatwouldhappenifthelaborsupplyweretoincreaseevenfurther?

Atconstantfactorprices,somelaborwouldbeunused,sofactorpriceswouldhavetochange,ortherewouldbeunemployment.

3.“Theworld’spoorestcountriescannotfindanythingtoexport.Thereisnoresourcethatisabundant—certainlynotcapitalorland,andinsmallpoornationsnotevenlaborisabundant.”Discuss.

Thegainsfromtradedependoncomparativeratherthanabsoluteadvantage.Astopoorcountries,whatmattersisnottheabsoluteabundanceoffactors,buttheirrelativeabundance.Poorcountrieshaveanabundanceoflaborrelativetocapitalwhencomparedtomoredevelopedcountries.

4.TheU.S.labormovement—whichmostlyrepresentsblue-collarworkersratherthanprofessionalsandhighlyeducatedworkers—hastraditionallyfavoredlimitsonimportsformless-affluentcountries.Isthisashortsightedpolicyofarationaloneinviewoftheinterestsofunionmembers?

Howdoestheanswerdependonthemodeloftrade?

IntheRicardo’smodel,laborgainsfromtradethroughanincreaseinitspurchasingpower.Thisresultdoesnotsupportlaboruniondemandsforlimitsonimportsfromlessaffluentcountries.

IntheImmobileFactorsmodellabormaygainorlosefromtrade.Purchasingpowerintermsofonegoodwillrise,butintermsoftheothergooditwilldecline.

TheHeckscher-Ohlinmodeldirectlydiscussesdistributionbyconsideringtheeffectsoftradeontheownersoffactorsofproduction.Inthecontextofthismodel,unskilledU.S.laborlosesfromtradesincethisgrouprepresentstherelativelyscarcefactorsinthiscountry.TheresultsfromtheHeckscher-Ohlinmo