美国文学期末复习资料完美版.docx
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美国文学期末复习资料完美版
美国文学期末复习资料（完美版）
LT
RobertLeeFrost（罗伯特弗罗斯特）
HisworkfrequentlyemployedsettingsfromrurallifeinNewEnglandintheearlytwentiethcentury
Frostwashonoredfrequentlyduringhislifetime,receivingfourPulitzerPrizesforPoetry
FrancisScottFitzgerald（F.S`·菲茨杰拉德）
Thespokesmanofthe“roaring20s”“theJazzAge”
美国梦的实践者“爵士乐时代的桂冠诗人”和“喧嚣的二十年代的代言人”
In1920Fitzgerald’sfirstnovelThisSideofParadise《人间天堂》（1920）
secondnovelentitledTheBeautifulandDamned《美丽的和可诅咒的》（1922）
hisbestnovelTheGreatGatsby《了不起的盖茨比》（1925）
thenovelTenderistheNight《夜色温柔》（1934）.
TheLastTycoon《最后的大亨》,anovelaboutHollywoodandthefilmindustry.
Fitzgerald’sbooksofshortstoriesincludeFlappersandPhilosophers《时髦女和哲学家》（1921）,TalesoftheJazzAge《爵士时代的故事》（1922）,AlltheSadYoungMan《一代悲哀的年轻人》（1926）
ErnestHemingway（厄内斯特海明威）
Hiseconomicaland understated stylehadastronginfluenceon 20th-centuryfiction,
wonthe NobelPrizeinLiterature in1954.
HewasgenerallyregardedasspokesmanfortheLostGeneration.
TheLostGeneration（迷惘的一代）
1.TheLostGenerationisatermfirstusedbyGertrudeSteintodescribethepost-WorldWarIgenerationofAmericanwriters:
menandwomenhauntedbyasenseofbetrayalandemptinessbroughtaboutbythedestructivenessofthewar.
2.Fullofyouthfulidealism,theseindividualssoughtthemeaningoflife,drankexcessively,hadloveaffairsandcreatedsomeofthefinestAmericanliteraturetodate.
3.Thethreebest-knownrepresentativesofLostGenerationareF.ScottFitzgerald,ErnestHemingwayandJohnDosPassos.
hisfirstnovel,TheTorrentsofSpring《春湖》,butTheSunAlsoRises《太阳照常升起》（1926）aboutthedisillusionmentofthelostgenerationwasanimmediatesuccess.WiththesuccessofAFarewelltoArms（1929）《永别了武器》,hefirmlyestablishedhisreputationasagreatAmericanwriter.
TheSunAlsoRises《太阳照常升起》
Hemingwayemployedanepigraph（题词）inthenovelwhichhadbeensaidbyGertrudeSteintodescribetheexpatriatesinParis“Youarealostgeneration.”Thenovelpaintstheimageofthelostgeneration.
AFarewelltoArms《永别了武器》
Itisananti-warnovel,describingthelovebetweenanAmericansoldierFredericHenry（弗瑞德里克亨利）andanEnglishnurseCatherine.（凯瑟琳）
ForWhomtheBellTolls《丧钟为谁而鸣》
IttellsofavolunteerAmericanguerrillaintheSpanishCivilWar.
TheOldManandtheSea.《老人与海》IttellsofaCubanfisherman,Santiago（桑提亚哥）,whocatchesabigfish,onlytoseeitdevouredbysharks.Thenovelhighlightsthethemethatmancanbedestroyedbutnotdefeated.（你尽可以把他消灭，但就是打不败他）Itisarepresentationoflifeasastruggleagainstunconquerableforcesinwhichonlyapartialvictoryispossible.ThisbookledtoHemingway'sreceiptoftheNovelPrizein1954.
1）Hemingwaywasfamousforhisnovelsandshortstorieswrittenhisspare,laconic,terse,clear,telegraph-like,yetintenseprosewithshortsentencesandveryspecificdetails.Thisstyleishisfamous“IcebergTheory”:
（冰山理论）
IcebergTheory（冰山理论）:
Thinkofaniceberg:
oneeighthofanicebergisabovethewater.Alloftherestisunderneaththewater.ThesameistruewithHemingway’swriting.Hissentencesonlygiveonesmallbitofthemeaning.Therestisimplied.Onemustgoverydeepbeneaththesurfacetounderstandthefullmeaningofhiswriting.Hemingway’svocabularyiseasyandhissentencepatternsareeasy,buttheyareextremelydifficulttobefullyunderstood.
Hemingwaytermscourageas“graceunderpressure”theseheroesarecalledHemingwayheroesorthecodehero:
（硬汉）
HemingwayheroesrefertosomeprotagonistsinHemingway'sworks.Suchaherousuallyanaveragemanofdecidedlymasculinetastes,sensitiveandintelligent.Andusuallyheisamanofactionandoffewwords.Hissuchanindividualist,aloneevenwhenwithotherpeople,somewhatanoutsider,keepingemotionsundercontrol,stoicandself-disciplinedinadreadfulplacewhereonecannotgethappiness.Forexample,FredericHenryinAFarewelltoArms,JakeBarnesinTheSunAlsoRises,SantiagoinTheOldManandtheSeaortheundefeatedbullfighter.
WilliamFaulkner（威廉·福克纳）
Faulkner’sfirstnovelSoldier’sPay《士兵的报酬》wasacceptedbythepublishersin1926.
Faulkner’ssecondnovelMosquitoes（1927）《蚊群》isasatiricalstoryaboutagroupofsouthernartistsandintellectuals.
Theyearsfrom1929to1942wereaperiodofamazingliteraryoutputforFaulkner,suchasTheSoundandtheFury（1929）《喧嚣与骚动》andAsILayDying（1930）.《我弥留之际》
HewasawardedtheNobelPrizeforliteraturein1950
Majorworks1.TheSoundandtheFury《喧嚣与骚动》Thebookisdividedinto4sections,largelyreliantonStreamofConsciousnessandMultiplePointofView.
ThisnovelisacomplexaccountofthebreakdownoftheoncedistinguishedandhonoredCompsonfamily.Thebookisdividedinto4sections,largelyreliantonStreamofConsciousnessandMultiplePointofView.Section1isnarratedbyBenjy,theyoungestmemberandan“idiot.”likehisbrothersQuentinandJason,heischieflypreoccupiedwithhissisterCaddy.ForBenjy,herdisappearanceamountstothelossofthecenterofhisuniverse.Section2istoldbyQuentin,aHarvardfreshman.Hecommitssuicide.InSection3,Jason,theeldestson,revealshisbitternessandangerattheopportunitieshehaslostbecauseoftheirresponsibilityandselfishnesswhichhefeelspredominateinthefamily.Section4concentratesontheCompsons’blackservant,Dilsay,andhergrandson,Luster.Thissectionprovidessomeobjectiveinformationtounifytheprevioussubjectivenarrationsintoanorganicentity.
Comment
Faulknerastheforemostsouthernwriterofthe20thcenturywith19novels,4collectionsofabout70shortstories,andtwovolumesofpoetry.Hisimportantsubjectsarechildhood,families,sex,obsessionsthepastandthemodernsouthernmemory,mythandreality,race,andalienation.HisthemeisessentiallyananalysisoftheunderlyingcauseforthefailureanddecayoftheSouthbeforetheCivilWar.Hisfictioncarriesastrongsenseoffragmentationinsocialcommunityandwithintheindividualhimselfduetothelossofloveandlackemotionalresponse.
HeisnotedfortheYoknapatawphastories/sagainwhichthefictionalYoknapatawphaCountyisthesetting.ThecountrystandsfortheOldSouth.ItalsoservesasallegoryoraparableoftheOldSouth.HewritesaboutthedisintegrationoftheoldsocialsystemintheAmericanSouthernStatesanditseffectonthelivesofmodernpeople,bothblackandwhite.ItshowsapanoramaoftheexperienceandconsciousnessofthewholeSouthernsociety.
StreamofConsciousness:
（意识流）
StreamofConsciousnessorinteriormonologue,isoneofthemodernliterarytechniques.Itwasfirstusedin1922bytheIrishnovelistJamesJoyce.ThemodernAmericanwriterWilliamFaulknersuccessfullyadvancedthistechnique.Inthestories,actionandplotsarelessimportantthanthereactionsandinnermusingsofthenarrators.Timesequencesareoftendislocated.Thereaderfeelshimselftobeaparticipantinthestories,ratherthananobserver.
MultiplePointofView（多重视角）
Faulknerwasamasteratpresentingmultiplepointsofview,showingwithinthesamestoryhowthecharactersreacteddifferentlytothesamepersonorthesamesituation.Theuseofthistechniquegavethestoryacircularformwhereinoneeventwasthecenter,withvariouspointsofviewradiatingfromit.Themultiplepointofviewtechniquemakesthereaderrecognizethedifficultyofarrivingatatruejudgment.
2.LightinAugust《八月之光》3.GoDown,Moses.《去吧，摩西》4.AsILayDying《在我弥留之际》5.Absalom,Absalom!
《押沙龙，押沙龙！
》
Twofamousshortstories:
“ARoseforEmily”《纪念埃米莉的一朵玫瑰花》“TheBear”《熊》
SinclairLewis（辛克莱`刘易斯）
hebecamethefirstwriterfromtheUnitedStatestobeawardedthe NobelPrizeinLiterature
Butitwasnotuntil1920whenMainStreet《大街》appearedthatheestablishedhispositionasaveryeffectivenovelist.
LewispublishedBabbitt《巴比特》whichisgenerallyregardedashisbestbook
Hisothernovels：
Arrowsmith（1925）《阿罗史密斯》,andDodsworth（1929）.《杜德史沃斯》
JohnDosPassos（多斯·帕索斯）
majorworks:
U.S.A《美国》或《美利坚》
Thetrilogycomprises The42ndParallel （1930）《北纬42度》, 1919 （1932）,and TheBigMoney （1936）《赚大钱》DosPassosusedexperimentaltechniquesinthesenovels:
the“Newsreels”（新闻短片）,the“Biographies”（人物小传）andthe“CameraEye”（摄相机镜头）（P263-264） topaintavastlandscapeofAmericancultureduringthefirstdecadesofthe20thcentury.
JohnSteinbeck（约翰·斯坦贝克）
Steinbeck’sliteraryreputationwasfurtherbuiltupbyhisnextthreenovels:
InDubiousBattle《胜负未决》（1936）,OfMiceandMen（1937）《人鼠之间》aboutthetragicfriendshipoftwomigrantworkers,andTheGrapesofWrath（1939）《愤怒的葡萄》.HismasterpieceTheGrapesofWrathwonaPulitzerPrizein1940.In1947,hepublishedThePearl.《珍珠》
In1962,hewasawardedtheNobelPrizeforliterature.
AmericanDrama：
EugeneO’Neill（尤金·奥尼尔）
EugeneO'NeillwasagreatAmericanplaywrightandthefounderofmodernAmericandrama.HewonNobelPrizeforliteratureandPulizterPrizefourtimesinhislife.
Literaryachievements
BeyondtheHorizon（1920）《天边外》（naturalism）（自然主义）
TheEmperorJones（1920）《琼斯王》（symbolismandexpressionism）（象征主义和表现主义）
TheHairyApe（1922）《毛猿》（naturalism）（自然主义）（p286）
DesireundertheElms（1924）《榆树下的欲望》（Oedipuscomplex）（俄狄浦斯情结/恋母情结）
TheGreatGodBrown（1926）《伟大之神布朗》
TheIcemanCometh（1946）《送冰人来了》
LongDay’sJourneyintoNight（1956）《进入黑夜的漫漫旅程》（autobiographicalplay）（naturalism）（自传体戏剧自然主义）（p287）
InwhatwaywasEugeneO’Neillanexperimentalistindramaticart?
O’Neillwasatirelessexperimentalistindramaticart.Hetookdramaawayfromtheoldtraditionsofthelastcenturyandrooteditdeeplyinlife.heintroducedthereal
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