新剑桥商务英语高级单词总结.docx

新剑桥商务英语高级单词总结.docx

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新剑桥商务英语高级单词总结

1.autonomous:

independent，abletotakedecisionswithoutconsultingahigherauthority

2。

decentralization:

dividinganorganizationintodecision—makingunitsthatarenotcentrallycontrolled.

3。

function：

aspecificactivityinacompany,e.g.production，marketing,finance

4.hierarchy：

systemofauthoritywithdifferentlevels，oneabovetheother。

5.lineauthority:

thepowertogiveinstructionstopeopleatthelevelbelowinthechainofcommand

6.reportto：

toberesponsibletosomeoneandtotakeinstructionsfromhimorher

7。

subordinates:

peopleworkingundersomeoneelseinahierarch

8.industrialbelt：

anareawithlotsofindustrialcompanies,aroundtheedgeofacity

9。

wealth:

theproductsofeconomicactivity

10。

productivity：

theamountofoutputproduced（inacertainperiod，usingacertainnumberofinputs

11.corporateethos：

acompany’swaysofworkingandthinking

12。

collaboration:

workingtogetherandsharingideas

13。

insulatedorisolated:

alone,placedinapositionawayfromothers

14。

fragmentation:

breakingsomethingupintopieces

15。

motivate：

Toinspire，toinduce,togiveareasonorincentivetosomeonetodosomething.

16。

employee：

Apersonemployedbysomeoneelse,workingformoney。

17。

laborrelations:

Relationsbetweenemployersandemployees，managersandworkers，managementandunions。

18.responsibility:

Havingcontrolofsomethingaspartofyourjob

19。

wages:

Moneypaid（perhourordayorweek）tomanualworkers

20.salary：

Afixedregularpaymentmadebyemployers，usually，forprofessionalorofficework.

21。

benefitsorperks：

Advantagesthatcomewithajob,apartfromwagesorsalary。

22.promotion：

Toberaisedtoahigherrankorbetterjob。

23.jobsecurity：

Knowingthatthereislittleriskoflosingone’sjob。

24。

skilled:

Havingparticularabilities，acquiredbytraining.

25。

subcontractor:

Anycompanythatprovidesgoodsorservicesforanotherone

26。

component：

Anyofthepiecesorpartsthatmakeupaproduct,machine，etc.

27.outsourcingorcontractingout:

Buyingproductsorprocessedmaterialsfromothercompaniesratherthanmanufacturingthem

28.capacity：

The（maximum）rateofoutputthatcanbeachievedfromaproductionprocess

29。

plant:

Thebuildings,machines，equipmentandotherfacilitiesusedintheproductionprocess

30.location：

Thegeographicalsituationofafactoryorotherfacility:

31.inventory:

Thestockofanyitemorresourceusedinanorganization（includingrawmaterials，parts,supplies，workinprocessandfinishedproducts）

32。

leadtime：

Thetimeneededtoperformanactivity（i.e。

tomanufactureordeliversomething）

33。

distributionchannel：

allthecompaniesorindividualsinvolvedinmovingaparticularkindofgoodsorservicefromtheproducertotheconsumer.

34.tolaunchaproduct：

tointroduceanewproductontothemarket.

35。

marketopportunities:

possibilitiesoffillingunsatisfiedneedsinsectorsinwhichacompanycanprofitablyproducegoodsorservices

36.marketresearch：

collecting,analyzingandreportingdatarelevanttoaspecificmarketingsituation（suchasaproposednewproduct）

37.marketsegmentation:

dividingamarketintodistinctgroupsofbuyerswhohavedifferentrequirementsorbuyinghabits

38。

packaging：

wrappersandcontainersinwhichproductsaresold

39。

pointsofsale:

placeswheregoodsaresoldtothepublic–shops,stores,kiosks，marketstalls，etc。

40.productconcept：

anideaforanewproduct,whichistestedwithtargetconsumersbeforetheactualproductisdeveloped

41.productfeatures:

attributesorcharacteristicsofaproduct：

quality,price,reliability，etc.

42。

salesrepresentative：

someonewhocontactsexistingandpotentialcustomers,andtriestopersuadethemtobuygoodsorservices

43。

Word-of-mouthadvertising:

freeadvertising,whensatisfiedcustomersrecommendproductstotheirfriends.

44.Institutionalorprestigeadvertising：

advertisingthatmentionsacompany’snamebutnotspecificproducts.

45.Advertisingagencies:

companiesthathandleadvertisingforclients。

46.Anaccount:

acontractwithacompanytoproduceitsadvertising.

47。

Anadvertisingbudget：

theamountofmoneyacompanyplanstospendindevelopingitsadvertisingandbuyingmediatimeorspace。

48.Abrief：

thestatementofobjectivesofanadvertisingcampaignthataclientworksoutwithanadvertisingagency。

49。

Advertisingcampaign：

theadvertisingofaparticularproductorserviceduringaparticularperiodoftime.

50.Targetcustomersortargetmarket：

adefinedsetofcustomerswhoseneedsacompanyplanstosatisfy.

51.Mediaplanners：

thepeoplewhochoosewheretoadvertise,inordertoreachtherightcustomers。

52。

Thethresholdeffect:

thefactthatacertainamountofadvertisingisnecessarytoattractaprospectivecustomer'sattention.

53.Thecomparative-paritymethod：

choosingtospendthesameamountonadvertisingasone’scompetitors.

54。

Counter—cyclicaladvertising:

advertisingduringperiodsorseasonswhensalesarenormallyrelativelypoor.

55。

Bookkeeping:

writingdownthedetailsoftransactions（debitsandcredits）

56。

Accounting：

keepingfinancialrecords，recordingincomeandexpenditure,valuingassetsandliabilities,andsoon

57.Managerialaccounting:

preparingbudgetsandotherfinancialreportsnecessaryformanagement

58.Costaccounting:

workingouttheunitcostsofproducts,includingmaterials，laborandallotherexpenses

59。

Taxaccounting：

calculatinganindividual’soracompany’sliabilityfortax

60。

Auditing:

inspectionandevaluationofaccountsbyasecondsetofaccountants

61.‘Creativeaccounting’：

usingallavailableaccountingproceduresandtrickstodisguisethetruefinancialpositionofacompany

62。

shareholdersorstockholders：

Acompany’sowners

63.earningsorincome:

Therevenuesreceivedbyacompanyduringagivenperiod,minusthecostofsales,operatingexpenses,andtaxes

64.liabilities:

Allthemoneythatacompanywillhavetopaytosomeoneelseinthefuture,includingtaxes，debts，andinterestandmortgagepayments

65.turnover：

Theamountofbusinessdonebyacompanyoverayear

66.assets:

Anythingownedbyabusiness（cashinvestments,buildings，machines,andsoon）thatcanbeusedtoproducegoodsorpayliabilities

67。

depreciationoramortization:

Thereductioninvalueofafixedassetduringtheyearsitisinuse（chargedagainstprofits）

68.debtorsoraccountsreceivable:

Sumsofmoneyowedbycustomersforgoodsorservicespurchasedoncredit

69。

creditorsoraccountspayable:

Sumsofmoneyowedtosuppliersforpurchasesmadeoncredit

70.stockorinventory：

（Thevalueof）rawmaterials,workinprogress,andfinishedproductsstoredreadyforsale

71.overheadsoroverhead：

Thevariousexpensesofoperatingabusinessthatcannotbechargedtoanyoneproduct，processordepartment

72.Overdraft:

anarrangementbywhichacustomercanwithdrawmorefromabankaccountthanhasbeendepositedinit,uptoanagreedlimit;interestonthedebtiscalculateddaily。

73.Creditcard:

acardwhichguaranteespaymentforgoodsandservicespurchasedbythecardholder，whopaysbackthebankorfinancecompanyatalaterdate。

74.CashdispenserorATM：

acomputerizedmachinethatallowsbankcustomerstowithdrawmoney，checktheirbalance，andsoon

75。

Loan:

afixedsumofmoneyonwhichinterestispaid，lentforafixedperiod,andusuallyforaspecificpurpose

76。

Standingorderordirectdebit:

aninstructiontoabanktopayfixedsumsofmoneytocertainpeopleororganizationsatstatedtimes。

77。

Mortgage：

aloan,usuallytobuyproperty,whichservesasasecurityfortheloan

78。

Cashcard：

aplasticcardissuedtobankcustomersforuseincashdispensers

79。

Homebanking:

doingbankingtransactionsbytelephoneorfromone’sownpersonalcomputer

80。

Currentorcheckingaccount:

onethatgenerallypayslittleornointerest,butallowstheholdertowithdrawhisorhercashwithoutanyrestrictions

81.Depositortimeornoticeaccount:

onethatpaysinterest，butusuallycannotbeusedforpayingcheques（GB）orchecks（US）,andonwhichnoticeisoftenrequiredtowithdrawmoney

82.Deposit:

toplacemoneyinabank；ormoneyplacedinabank

83.Foreigncurrencies：

themoneyusedincountriesotherthanone’sown

84。

Yield：

howmuchmoneyaloanpays,expressedasapercentage

85.Liquidity：

availablecash，andhoweasilyotherassetscanbeturnedintocash

86。

Maturity:

thedatewhenaloanbecomesrepayable

87.Underwrite:

toguaranteetobuyallthenewsharesthatacompanyissues，iftheycannotbesoldtothepublic

88。

Takeover：

whenacompanybuysoracquiresanother

89。

Merger：

whenacompanycombineswithanotherone

90.Stockbroking:

buyingandsellingstocksorsharesforclients

91。

Portfoliomanagement：

takingcareofallaclient’sinvestments

92。

Deregulation：

theendingorrelaxingoflegalrestrictions

93.Conglomerate:

agroupofcompanies,operatingindifferentfields，thathavejoinedtogether

94.Bluechip:

acompanyconsideredtobewithoutrisk

95。

Solvency:

abilitytopayliabilitieswhentheybecomedue

96。

Collateral:

anythingthatactsasasecurityoraguaranteeforaloan

97.liability:

havingaresponsibilityoranobligationtodosomething，e.g。

topayadebt

98.creditor:

apersonororganizationtowhommoneyisowed（forgoodsorservicesrendered，orasrepaymentofaloan）

99.bankrupt：

tobeinsolvent:

unabletopaydebts。

100.assets:

everythingofvalueownedbyabusinessthatanbeusedtoproducegoods,payliabilities，andsoon

101。

toliquidate：

tosellallthepossessionsofabankruptbusiness。

102.liabilities：

moneythatacompanywillhavetopaytosomeoneelse（bills,taxes,debts，interestadmortgagepayments,