语言学复习重点.docx

语言学复习重点.docx

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语言学复习重点

Chapter10LanguageAcquisition

一、定义

1.语言习得Languageacquisition

LanguageacquisitionreferstothedevelopmentoftheChild’sacquisitionofhismothertongueorfirstlanguage,i.e,howhecomestounderstandandtospeakthelanguageofhiscommunity.

2.输入Input

Itreferstothelanguagewhichalearnerbearsorreceivesandfromwhichheorshecanlearn.

3.行为主义学习理论Behaviouristlearningtheory

It’satheoryofPsychologysuggeststhatthelearner’sverbalbehaviourisconditionedorreinforcedthroughassociationbetweenastimulusandresponsewhenappliedtofirstlanguageacquisition.

源自心理学的理论—行为主义,它认为儿童的语言行为是与他们所受刺激和随之的反应成相互条件的。

4.独词句Onewordholophrase/holophrase

Itreferstoasinglewordthatappearsinchildren’searlyspeechandfunctionsasacomplexideaorsentence.

5.电报式言语Telegraphicspeech属于earlymultiword阶段

Itreferstotheearlyspeechofchildren.it’ssocalledbecauseitlacksthesamesortsofwordswhichadultstypicallyleaveoutoftelegrams（suchasnon-substantivewordsandinflectionalmorphemes）.

也可以说成缺少inflectionalmorphemesandmostminorlexicalcategories.

6.转移Languagetransfer

Itreferstothelearnerswillsubconsciouslyusetheirknowledgeinlearningasecondlanguage.Transfercanbeeitherpositiveornegative.

7.对比分析ContrastiveAnalysis

Itreferstoacomparativeprocedureusedtoestablishlinguisticdifferencesbetweentwolanguagessoastopredictlearningdifficultiescausedbyinterferencefromthelearner’sfirstlanguageandpreparethetypeofteachingmaterialsthatwillreducetheeffectsofinterference.

补充establishlinguisticdifferencesbetweennativeandtargetlanguagesystems.

8.错误分析ErrorAnalysis

Anapproachtothestudyandanalysisoftheerrorsmadebythesecondlanguagelearnerswhichsuggeststhatmanylearnererrorsarenotduetothelearner’smothertongueinterferencebutreflectuniversallearningstrategiessuchasover-generalizationandsimplificationofrules.

一种研究和分析第二语言学习者所犯错误的方法.它指出语言学习者所犯的许多错误不是母语干扰所致而是体现了一些普遍的学习策略.如概括过度和规则简化。

9.语际语Interlanguage

Theapproximatelanguagesystemthatasecondlanguagelearnerconstructswhichrepresentshisorhertransitionalcompetenceinthetargetlanguage.

第二语言学习这在学习过程中所构建的近乎目标语的语言体系，它体现了学习者在目标学习的过渡性语言能力。

10.语言僵化Fossilization

Aprocessthatsometimesoccursinsecondlanguagelearninginwhichincorrectlinguisticfeatures（suchastheaccentofagrammaticalpattern）becomeapermanentpartofthewayapersonspeaksorwritesinthetargetlanguage.

11.工具性学习动机Instrumentalmotivation

Thelearner’sdesiretolearnasecondlanguagebecauseitsusefulforsomefunctional,‘’instrumental’goals,suchasgettingajob,passinganexamination,orreadingforinformation.

12.介入性学习动机Integrativemotivation

Thelearner’sdesiretolearnasecondlanguageinordertocommunicatewithnativespeakersofthetargetlanguage.为了与人交流。

13.语言文化移入Acculturation

Aprocessofadaptingtothecultureandvaluesystemofthesecondlanguagecommunity.

14.幼儿保育员言语Caretakerspeech

Simple,modifiedspeechusedbyparents,baby-sitter,ect.Whentheytalktoyoungchildrenwhoareacquiringtheirnativelanguage.

15.干扰Interference

Theeffectofone’sfirstlanguageknowledgeonthelearningofasecondlanguage.

16.国际语法UniversalGrammar

Thedifferentlanguageshaveasimilarlevelofcomplexityanddetail,andreflectgeneralabstractpropertiesofthecommonlinguisticsystemiscalled..

17.第一语言的习得the1stlanguageacquisition

Thedevelopmentofafirstornativelanguageiscalledthe1stlanguageacquisition.

18.It’snormallyassumedthat,bytheageoffive,withanopeningvocabularyofmorethan2.000words,childrenhavecompletedthegreaterpartofthelanguageacquisitionprocess.

19.语法系统发展

语音Phonology

句法Syntax

形态Morphology

词汇和语义Vocabularyandsemantics

20.判断题Childrenfirstacquirethesoundsfoundinalllanguagesoftheworld,nomatterwhatlanguagetheyareexposedto,andinlaterstagesacquirethe‘moredifficult’sounds.

21.Theemergencyofarticulatoryskillsbeginsaroundtheagewhenchildrenstarttoproducebabblingsounds.

22.Researchersareparticularlyinterestedintheincreasingcomplexityofnegativesentencesinchildlanguagedevelopment.theyhavefoundthatcorrectionandreinforcementarenotkeyfactorsinchildlanguagedevelopment.

23.判断题SLAisprimarilythestudyofhowlearnersacquiresorlearnanadditionallanguageaftertheyhaveacquiredtheirfirstlanguage.（L1）

24.美国的StephensonKrashen区分了Acquisition和Learning

HesaidAcquisitionreferstothegradualandsubconsciousdevelopmentofabilityinthefirstlanguagebyusingitnaturallyindailycommunicativesituations.

Learning,itisdefinedasaconsciousprocessofaccumulatingknowledgeofasecondlanguageusuallyobtainedinschoolsettings.

25.判断题Thelearner’stransitionalcompetencemovingalongalearningcontinuumstretchingfromone’sL1competencetothetargetlanguagecompetence.

26.Abouttheinterlanguage,specifically,itconsistsofaseriesofinterlockingandapproximatelinguisticsystemsin-betweenandyetdistinctfromthelearner’snativeandtargetlanguages.It’saproductofL2learning,mothertongueinterference,overgeneralizationofthetargetlanguagerules,andlearningandcommunicativestrategiesofthelearner.

语际语包含一系列与本族语和目的语的相关并相似的语言体系，既介于本族语和目的语之间，又不同于他们的语言体系。

语际语是第二语言训练、母语干扰、对目的语语言规则概括以及学习者的学习和交际策略的综合产物。

27.判断题althoughitsfoundthatformalinstructionhardlyaffectsthenaturalrouteofSLA,itdoesprovideopportunitiestoreceivecomprehensibleinput,andinsodoingenablestheclassroomlearnertoperformawiderrangeoflinguistictasksthanthenaturalisticlearnerandtherebyacceleratestherateofacquisition.

尽管正规教学几乎不能影响第二语言习得的自然轨道，但却能为学习者提供接受可理解的输入信息的机会，这样做是课堂学习者比自然学习者所进行的第二语言学习得面要广一些，从而加速其习得过程。

28.学习者的个人因素IndividualLearnerFactors

最佳学习年龄Theoptimumagefor2ndlanguageacquisition:

动机Motivation

语言文化移入Acculturation

学习者的个性Personality

三、问答题

1.whatarethemajorindividualfactorsforSLA?

Theacquisitionofasecondlanguageisdependentonacombinationoffactors.therateandultimatesuccessinSLAarealsoaffectedbyindividuallearnerfactors.

（1）Theearlyyearsofone’slifebeforepuberty;

（2）Theymusthavestrongmotivation,instrumentalorintegrative;

（3）TheextenttowhichlearnersdifferintheprocessofadaptingtothenewcultureoftheL2community,thatis,acculturation.

（4）Learner’spersonality.

2.Differenttheoriesofchildlanguageacquisitionhavebeenadvanced,discusstwocontrastingviewswithreferencetothebehavioristlearningmodelandthenativistbiologicalmodel.

论述行为主义学习理论和生物先天论这两种相对立的观点。

TheBehaviouristview:

languageacquisitionisaprocessofhabitformation.Languageislearnedthroughstimulusandresponse.Reinforcementofselectedresponsesisthekeytounderstandinglanguagedevelopment.

Childrenlearntoproducecorrectsentencesbecausetheyarepositivelyreinforcedwhentheysaysomethingrightandnegativelyreinforcedwhentheysaysomethingwrong.

语言习得是一个习惯培养的过程。

语言是通过刺激与反应学习的。

对有选择的反应的强化是理解语言发展的关键。

儿童学会正确的使用语言，是因为他们正确的言语是得到积极强化而错误的言语得到消极强化。

TheNativistview:

languageacquisitionisthespecies---specificpropertyofhumanbeings,childrenarebornwithaninnateabilitytoacquirelanguage,theyarepredisposedtodeveloptheirnativelanguagealongauniversal,predeterminedroutethroughsimilarstages.Theygoaboutacquiringthegrammaroftheirnativelanguageusingprinciplesuniquetolanguageacquisition.

语言习得是人类特有的特性。

儿童生来就具有天生的学习语言的能力，他们生来就具有习得本族语的能力，其习得过程沿着一条普遍、自然的轨道，并经历相似的阶段。

他们使用语言习得的特有天赋习得本族语的语法。

3.Discussonemajorfactorwhichcontributestothedifficultiesmostsecondlanguagelearnersencounter.

论述导致大多数第二语言学习者学习困难的一个主要因素。

IthasbeensuggestedbysomeSLAscholarsthatlearningdifficultiesconfrontingadultL2learnersarisefromthefactthatformostpeopleasecondlanguageislearnedinaformalsetting,ratherhanacquiredinanaturalenvironment.

Languageacquisitioniscontrastedwithlanguagelearningonthegroundthatacquisitionissubconscious,focusingonmeaning,whichlearningisconscious,focusingonform.Itsarguedthatconsciousknowledgeoflinguisticformsdoesnotensureacquisitionoftherules,thatis,doesnotensureanimmediateguidanceforactualperformance.

习得是无意识的，注重的是意义；学习是由意识的，注重的是形式。

4.Enumeratesomecausesthatleadtothesystematicoccurrenceoferrorsinsecondlanguageacquisition.列举第二语言习得中出现系统性错误的一些原因

Somemajorcausesthatleadtothesystematicoccurrenceoferrorsinsecondlanguageacquisitioninclude

（1）Interferencefromthemothertongue;母语干扰

（2）Interlingualinterferencewithinthetargetlanguage;目标语的语际语干扰

（3）overgeneralization.过度概括

具体分析

Interferencefromthemothertongue:

Mothertongueinterferenceisfoundatthelevelofpronunciation,morphology,syntax,vocabularyandmeaning,andcanbepredicatedbycontrastingthegrammaticalorothersystemsofthenativeandtargetlanguages.

Interlingualinterference:

Interlingualinterference，orcross-association,occurswhenthelearnermixesrulesandpatternsofthetargetlanguageandproducehybridstructures.

Overgeneralization：

Theuseofpreviouslyavailablestrategiesinnewsituations,i.e.theapplicationofaparticularpatternorruleofthetargetlanguageinmanyotherlinguisticsituations

课本外练习资料中的考点内容

一、定义

1.tone

Tonearepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.Toneisasuprasegmentalfeature.

2.Negativetransfer

Negativetransferoccurswhenthefristlanguagepatternisdifferentfromthecounterpartpatternofthetargetlanguage.it’scommonlyknownasinterferencebecauseitwouldleadtodifficultiesorerrorsinsecondlanguagelearning.

3.hapology

Itreferstothelossofoneoftwophoneticallysimil