跨文化沟通技巧重点总结.docx

跨文化沟通技巧重点总结.docx

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跨文化沟通技巧重点总结

跨文化重点总结

Chapter1

P4

MNC:

Afirmhavingoperationsinmorethanonecountry,internationalsales,andanationalitymixamongmanagersandowners.

P17

GlobalEconomicSystems

1.MarketEconomy

Amarketeconomyexistswhenprivateenterprisereservestherighttoownpropertyandmonitortheproductionanddistributionofgoodsandserviceswhilethestatesimplysupportscompetitionandefficientpractices.

2.CommandEconomy

Acommendeconomyiscomparabletoamonopolyinthesensethattheorganizationinthiscasethegovernment,hasexplicitcontroloverthepriceandthesupplyofagoodorservice.

3.Amixedeconomyisacombinationofamarketandacommandeconomy.（Whilesomesectorsofthissystemreflectprivateownershipandthefreedomandflexibilityofthelawofdemand,othersectorsaresubjecttogovernmentplanning.）

Chapter2

P36

Internationaljurisdiction:

ajurisdictionalprincipleofinternationallawwhichholdsthateverycountryhasjurisdictionoveritscitizennomatterwheretheyarelocated.

DoctrineofComity:

ajurisdictionalprincipleofinternationallawwhichholdsthattheremustbemutualrespectforthelaws,institutions,andgovernmentsofothercountriesinthematterofjurisdictionovertheirowncitizens.

Chapter3

P55

Ethics:

thestudyofmoralityandstandardsofconducts.

P58

Incomepercapita

Figure3-1

P62

CSR:

corporatesocialresponsibility.Theactionsofafirmtobenefitsocietybeyondtherequirementsofthelawandthedirectinterestsofthefirm.

NGOs:

nongovernmentalorganizations.Private,not-forprofitorganizationsthatseektoservesociety’sinterestsbyfocusingonsocial,political,andeconomicissuessuchaspoverty,socialjustice,education,health,andtheenvironment.

P64

Table3-1:

PrinciplesoftheGlobalCompact

HumanRights

Principle1:

supportandrespecttheprotectionofinternationallyproclaimedhumanrightswithintheirsphereofinfluence.

Principle2:

makesurethattheirowncorporationsarenotcomplicitinhumanrightsabuses.

Labor

Principle3:

freedomofassociationandtheeffectiverecognitionoftherighttocollectivebargaining

Principle4:

theeliminationofallformsofforcedandcompulsorylabor

Principle5:

theeffectiveabolitionofchildlabor

Principle6:

theeliminationofdiscriminationinrespectofemploymentandoccupation

Environment

Principle7:

supportaprecautionaryapproachtoenvironmentalchallenges

Principle8:

undertakeinitiativestopromotegreaterenvironmentalresponsibility

Principle9:

encouragethedevelopmentanddiffusionofenvironmentallyfriendlytechnologies

Anticorruption

Principle10:

Businessesshouldworkagainstcorruptioninallitsforms,includingextortionandbribery.

Chapter4

P100

Culture:

acquiredknowledgethatpeopleusetointerpretexperienceandgeneratesocialbehavior.Thisacknowledgeformsvaluescreatesattitudes,andinfluencebehavior.

Thesixfeaturesofculture

1.Learned.Cultureisnotinheritedorbiologicallybased;itisacquiredbylearningandexperience.

2.Shared.Peopleasmembersofagroup,organization,orsocietyshareculture;itisnotspecifictosingleindividuals.

3.Transgenerational.Cultureiscumulative,passeddownfromonegenerationtothenext.

4.Symbolic.Cultureisbasedonthehumancapacitytosymbolizeoruseonethingtorepresentanother.

5.Patterned.Culturehasstructureandisintegrated;achangeinonepartwillbringchangesinanother.

6.Adaptive.Cultureisbasedonhumancapacitytochangeoradapt,asopposedtothemoregeneticallydrivenadaptiveprocessofanimals.

P101

Table4-1PrioritiesofCultureValues:

UnitedStates,Japan,andArabCountries

UnitedStatesJapanArabCountries

1.Freedom1.Belonging1.Familysecurity

2.Independence2.Groupharmony2.FamilyHarmony

3.Self-reliance3.Collectiveness3.Parentalguidance

4.Equality4.Age/Seniority4.Age

5.Individualism5.Groupconsensus5.Authority

6.Competition6.Cooperation6.Compromise

7.Efficiency7.Quality7.Devotion

8.Time8.Patience8.patience

9.Directness9.Indirectness9.Indirectness

10.Openness10.Go-between10.Hospitality

P102

8specificexamples

1.Centralizedvs.decentralized

2.Safetyvs.risk

3.Individualvs.grouprewards

4.Informalvs.formalprocedures

5.Highvs.loworganizationalloyalty

6.Cooperationvs.competition

7.Short-termvs.long-termhorizons

8.Stabilityvs.innovation

P105

Values:

basicconvictionsthatpeoplehaverecordingwhatisrightorwrong,goodorbad,importantandunimportant.

P108

Hofstede’sCultureDimensions

Background:

foronecompany——IBM

1.Powerdistance

Theextenttowhichlesspowerfulmembersofinstitutionsandorganizationsacceptthatpowerisdistributedunequally.

2.UncertaintyAvoidance

Theextenttowhichpeoplefeelthreatenedbyambiguoussituationsandhavecreatedbeliefsandinstitutionsthattrytoavoidthese.

3.Individualism&Collectivism

Individualism:

thetendencyofpeopletolookafterthemselvesandtheirimmediatefamilyonly.

Collectivism:

thetendencyofpeopletobelongtogroupsorcollectivesandtolookaftereachotherinexchangeforloyalty.

4.Masculinity&Femininity

Masculinity:

aculturalcharacteristicinwhichthedominantvaluesinsocietyaresuccess,money,andthings.

Femininity:

aculturalcharacteristicinwhichthedominantvaluesinsocietyarecaringforothersandthequalityoflife.

P114

Trompenaars’sCulturalDimensions

Background:

15000managersfrom28countries

1.Universalismvs.Particularism

Universalism:

thebeliefthatideasandpracticescanbeappliedeverywhereintheworldwithoutmodification.

Particularism:

thebeliefthatcircumstancesdictatehowideasandpracticesshouldbeappliedandthatsomethingcannotbedonethesameeverywhere.

2.Individualismvs.Communitarianism

Communitarianism:

referstopeopleregardingthemselvesaspartofagroup.

3.Neutralvs.Emotional

Neutralculture:

acultureinwhichemotionsareheldincheck.

Emotionalculture:

acultureinwhichemotionsareexpressedopenlyandnaturally.

4.Specificvs.Diffuse

Specificculture:

acultureinwhichindividualshavealargepublicspacetheyreadilysharewithothersandasmallprivatespacetheyguardcloselyandsharewithonlyclosefriendsandassociates.

Diffuseculture:

acultureinwhichpublicspaceandprivatespacearesimilarinsizeandindividualsguardtheirpublicspacecarefully,becauseentryintopublicspaceaffordsentryintoprivatespaceaswell.

5.Achievementvs.Ascription

Achievementculture:

acultureinwhichpeopleareaccordedstatusbasedonhowwelltheyperformtheirfunctions.

Ascriptionculture:

acultureinwhichstatusisattributedbasedonwhoorwhatapersonis.

P116

Figure4-8

Trompenaars’sRelationshipOrientationsonCulturalDimensions

1.

UniversalismParticularism

USA,Aus,Ger/Swi,Swe,UK,NL,Czh,Ita,Bel,Brz,Fra,Jap/Sin,Arg,Mex,Tha,HK,Chi,Ido,CIS,Ven

2.

IndividualismCommunitarianism

USA,Czh,Arg/CIS/Mex,UK,Swe/Aus,Spa/NL,Brz,Swi,Bel,Ven,HK,Ita,Ger,Chi,Fra,Ido,Jpn,Tha,Sin

3.

NeutralEmotional

Jpn,UK,Sin,Aus,Ido,HK,Tha,Bel/Ger,Swe/Arg/USA,Czh/Fra,Spa,Ita/Ven,CIS,Brz,Chi,Swi,NL,Mex

4.

SpecificDiffuse

Aus,UK,USA/Swi,Fra,NL,Bel,Brz,Czh,Ita/Ger,Arg/Jpn/Mex,Ido,CIS,Tha,HK/Sin/Swe,Spa,Chi,Ven

5.

AchievementAscription

Aus,USA,Swi/UK,Swe/Mex,Ger,Arg,Tha,Bel,Fra,Ita/Brz,NL/HK,Spa,Jpn,Czh,Sin,CIS,Chi,Ido,Ven

P119

Time:

SequentialSynchronous

Sequential:

approachesareprevalent,peopletendtodoonlyoneactivityatatime,keepappointmentsstrictly,andshowastrongpreferenceforfollowingplansastheyarelaidoutandnotdeviatingfromthem.

Synchronous:

approachesarecommon,peopletendtodomorethanoneactivityatatime,appointmentsareapproximateandmaybechangedatamoment’snotice,andschedulesgenerallyaresubordinatetorelationship.

P122

GLOBAL:

amulticountrystudyandevaluationofculturalattributesandleadershipbehaviorsamongmorethan17000managersfrom951organizationsin62countries.

P123

GLOBAL9dimensions

1.Uncertaintyavoidance

2.Powerdistance

3.CollectivismI:

社会集体主义

4.CollectivismII:

组内集体主义

5.Genderegalitarianism

6.Assertiveness

7.Futureorientation

8.Performanceorientation

9.Humaneorientation

Chapter5

P134

4predispositions

1.Ethnocentricpredisposition:

anationalisticphilosophyofmanagementwherebythevaluesandinterestsoftheparentcompanyguidestrategicdecisions

2.Polycentricpredisposition:

aphilosophyofmanagementwherebystrategicdecisionsaretailoredtosuittheculturesofthecountrieswheretheMNCoperates.

3.Regiocentricpredisposition:

aphilosophyofmanagementwherebythefirmtriestoblenditsowninterestswiththoseofitssubsidiariesonaregionalbasis.

4.Geocentricpredisposition:

aphilosophyofmanagementwherebythecompanytriestointegrateaglobalsystemsapproachtodecisionmaking.

Globalizationimperative:

abeliefthatoneworldwideapproachtodoingbusinessisthekeytobothefficiencyandeffectiveness.

P138

1.Parochialism:

thetendencytoviewtheworldthroughone’sowneyesandperspectives.

2.Simplification:

theprocessofexhibitingthesameorientationtowarddifferentculturalgroups.

P141

HAIRL:

Helicopter:

thecapacitytotakeabroadviewfromabove;

Analysis:

theabilitytoevaluatesituationslogicallyandcompletely;

Imagination:

theabilitytobecreativeandthinkoutsidethebox;

Reality:

theabilitytouseinformationrealistically;

Leadership:

theabilitytoeffectivelygalvanizeandinspirepersonnel.

Netherlands

France

Germany

Britain

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