《学术英语医学》课后题答案.docx

《学术英语医学》课后题答案.docx

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《学术英语医学》课后题答案

Unit1

1、Somefactorsthatmayleadtothecomplaint:

·Neuronoverload

·Patients*highexpectations

·Mistrustandmisunderstandingbetweenthepatientandthedoctor

2、Mrs.Osorio’scondition:

·A56-year-oldwoman

·Somewhatoverweight

·Reasonablywell-controlleddiabetesandhypertension

·Cholesterolonthehighsidewithoutanymedicationsforit

·Notenoughexercisessheshouldtake

·HerbonesalittlethinonherlastDEXAscan

3、Goodthings:

·Bloodtestsdone

·Glucosealittlebetter

·HerbloodpressurealittlebetterbutnotsogreatBadthings:

·Cholesterolnotsogreat

·Herweightalittleup

·HerbonesalittlethinonherlastDEXAscan4

4、Thesituation:

·Theauthorwasinamoderatestateofpanic:

jugglingsomanythoughtsaboutMrs.Osorio’sconditionsandtryingtoresolvethemallbeforetheclockrandown.

·Mrs.Osoriomadeatrivialrequest,notsoimportantascomparedtoherconditions.

·Mrs.Osorioseemedtocareonlyabouther“innocent—andcompletelyjustified—request”：

theformsignedbyherdoctor.

·Thedoctortriedtooratleastpretendedtopayattentiontothepatientwhilecompletingdocumentation.

5、Similarities:

·Incomputermultitasking,amicroprocessoractuallyperformsonlyonetaskatatime.Likemicroprocessors,wehumanbeingscarftactuallyconcentrateontwothoughtsatthesameexacttime.Multitaskingisjustanillusionbothincomputersandhumanbeings.

Differences:

·Theconceptofmultitaskingoriginatedincomputerscience.

·Atbest,humanbeingscanjuggleonlyahandfulofthoughtsinamultitaskingmanner,butcomputerscandomuchbetter.

·Themorethoughtshumanbeingsjuggle,thelesshumanbeingsareabletoattunefullytoanygiventhought,butcomputerscandomuchbetter.

6、

·7medicalissuestoconsider

·5separatethoughts,atleast,foreachissue

·7x5=35thoughts

·10patientsthatafternoon

·35x10=350thoughts

·5residentsundertheauthorssupervision

·4patientsseenbyeachresident

·10thoughts,atleast,generatedfromeachpatient

·5x4x10=anther200thoughts

·350+200=550thoughtstobehandledintotal

·Ifthedoctordoesagoodjobjuggling98%ofthetime,thatstillleavesabout10thoughtsthatmightgetlostintheprocess.

7、Possiblesolutions:

·Computer-generatedreminders

·Casemanagers

·Ancillaryservices

·Thesimplestsolution:

time

Unit2

1、Theauthorimplies:

•Peoplesinadequateconsciousnessabouttheconsequenceofneglectingthere-emerginginfectiousdiseases

·Unjustifiabilityofpeoplescomplacencyaboutthepreventionandcontroloftheinfectiousdiseases

·Unfinishedwaragainstinfectiousdiseases

2、Victorydeclarations:

·SurgeonGeneralWilliamStewart'shyperbolicstatementofclosing“thebookoninfectiousdisease”.

·Astringofimpressivevictoriesincurredbyantibioticsandvaccines

·ThethoughtthatthewaragainstinfectiousdiseaseswasalmostoverWhatfollowedeversince:

·AppearanceofnewdiseasessuchasAIDSandEbola

·Comebackoftheoldafflictions:

»DiphtheriaintheformerSovietUnion

»TBinurbancenterslikeNewYorkCity

»RisingGroupAstreptococcalconditionslikescarletfever

·Thefearofapowerfulnewflustrainsweepingtheworld

3、Elaborateonthejoinedbattle:

·WHOestablishedanewdivisiondevotedtoworldwidesurveillanceandcontrolofemergingdiseaseinOctober1995.

·CDClaunchedapreventionstrategyin1994.

·Congressraisedfundfrom$6.7millionin1995to$26millionin1997.

4、Thebordersaremeaninglesstopathogenicmicrobes,whichcantravelfromonecountrytoanotherremotecountryinaveryshorttime.

5、TB:

·PrisonsandhomelesssheltersasidealplacesforTBspread

·Emergingofdrug-resistantstrainorevenmulti-drug-resistantstrain

·ArideontheHIVw^onbyattackingtheimmunocompromised

GroupAstrep:

·Achangeinvirulence

·Mutationintheexteriorofthebacterium

Flu:

Constantchangesinitscoat（surfaceantigens）andresultantchangesinitslevelofvirulence

6、Examples:

·ExperimentinEnglandisseeingthewaningimmunitybecauseofnovaccination.

·Duetopoorvaccinationefforts,thediphtheriasituationintheformerSovietUnionisserious.'

•ThevaccinationratesaredroppinginsomeAmericancities,anditwillleadtomorediphtheriaandwhoopingcough.

7、Thefourareasoffocus:

·Theneedforsurveillance

·Updatedsciencecapableofdealingwithdiscoveriesinthefield

·Appropriatepreventionandcontrol

·Strongpublichealthinfrastructure

8、TheinfectiousdiseasessuchasTB,flu,diphtheriaandscarletfeverwillneverreallygoaway,andthewaragainstthemwillneverend.

Unit3

1、Terry'slifebefore

·ShelovedpracticingTaeKwonDo

·Shelovedthesurgeofadrenalinethatcamewiththecontrolledcombatoftournaments.

·Shecompetednationally,evenwonbronzemedalinthetrialsforthePanAmericanGames.

·Sheattendedmedicalschool,practicedasaninternalmedicineresident,andbecameanacademicgeneralinternist.

·Shegotmarriedandgotasonandadaughter.

2、ThesymptomsofMSandautoimmunedisease:

·Lossofstaminaandstrength

·Problemswithbalance

·Boutsofhorrificfacialpain

·Dipsinvisualacuity

3、Terrydidthefollowingbeforesheself-experimented:

·Shestartedinjections.

·Sheadoptedmanypharmacotherapies.

·Shebeganherownstudyofliterature:

»ShereadarticlesonwebsitessuchasPubMed.

»ShesearchedforarticlestestingnewMSdrugsinanimalmodels.

»Sheturnedtoarticlesconcerningneurodegenerationofalltypes—dementia，Parkinson'sdisease,Huntington'sdisease,andLouGehrig'sdisease.

»Sherelearnedbasicsciencessuchascellularphysiology,biochemistry,andneurophysiology.

4、ApproachesTerrymainlyused:

·Self-experimentationwithvariousnutrientstoslowneurodegenerationbasedonliteraturereportsonanimalmodels

·Self-experimentationwithneuromuscularelectricalstimulationwhichisnotanapprovedtreatmentforMS

·Onlinesearchtoidentifythesourcesofmicronutrientsandhavinganewdiet

·Reductionoffoodallergiesandtoxicload

5、Casesmentionedinthetext:

·Increasedmercurystoresinthebrainsofpeoplewithdentalfillings

·HighlevelsoftheherbicideatrazineinprivatewellsinIowa

·Thestrongassociationbetweenpesticideexposureandneurodegeneration

·Theassociationofsinglenucleotidepolymorphismsinvolvingmetabolismofsulfurand/orBvitamins

·Inefficientclearingoftoxins

6、With70%to90%oftheriskfordiabetes,heartdisease,cancer,andautoimmunitybeingduetoenvironmentalfactorsotherthanthegenes,wecantakemanyhealthproblemsandthehealthcarecrisisunderourcontrol,forexample,optimizingournutritionandreducingourtoxicload.

Unit4

1、Twoconcepts:

·Complementarymedicinereferstotheuseofconventionaltherapiestogetherwithalternativetreatmentssuchasusingacupunctureinadditiontousualcaretohelplessenpain.ComplementaryandalternativemedicineisshortenedasCAM.

·Alternativemedicinereferstohealingtreatmentsthatarenotpartofconventionaltherapies—likeacupuncture,massagetherapy,orherbalmedicine.Theyarecalledsobecausepeopleusedtoconsiderpracticesliketheseoutsidethemainstream.

2

·TCMdoesnotrequireadvanced,complicated,andinmostcases,expensivefacilities.

·TCMemploysneedles,cups,coins,tomentionbutafew.

·MostproceduresandoperationsofTCMarenoninvasive.

·Thesubstancesusedasmedicinearerawherbsorabstractsfromthem,andtheyareindeedallnatural,fromnature.

·TCMhasbeenpracticedaslongastheChinesehistory,sotheefficiencyisprovenandensured.

·Ongoingresearcharoundtheworldonacupuncture,herbs,massageandTaiChihaveshedlightonsomeofthetheoriesandpracticesofTCM

3、Itmaybeusedasanadjuncttreatment,analternative,orpartofacomprehensivemanagementprogramforanumberofconditions:

post-operativeandchemotherapyinducednauseaandvomiting,post-operativedentalpain,addiction,strokerehabilitation,headache,menstrualcramps,tenniselbow,fibromyalgia,myofascialpain,osteoarthritis,lowbackpain,carpaltunnelsyndrome,andasthma.

4、Awell-justifiedNO:

·Moreintenseresearchtouncoveradditionalareasfortheuseofacupuncture

·Higheradoptionofacupunctureasacommontherapeuticmodalitynotonlyintreatmentbutalsoinpreventionofdiseaseandpromotionofwellness

·Explorationandperfectionofinnovativemethodsofacupuncturepointstimulationwithtechnologicaladvancement

·Improvedunderstandingofneuroscienceandotheraspectsofhumanphysiologyandfunctionbybasicresearchonacupuncture

·Greaterinterestbystakeholders

·Anincreasingnumberofphysicianacupuncturists

5、

·Appropriateusesofherbsdependonproperguidance:

»ProperTCMdiagnosisofthezhengofthepatient

»Correctselectionofthecorrespondingtherapeuticstrategiesandprinciplesthatguidethechoiceofherbsandherbalformulas

·Digressionfromeitheroftheaboveguidencewillleadtomisusesofherbs,andwillresultincomplicationsinpatient

6、

·Randomizedcontrolledtrials

Advantages:

»Eliminationofthepotentialbiasintheallocationofparticipantstotheinterventiongrouporcontrolgroup

»Tendencytoproducecomparablegroups

»Guaranteedvalidityofstatisticaltestsofsignificance

Limitations:

»Difficultyingeneralizingtheresultsobtainedfromtheselectedsamplingtothepopulationasawhole

»Apoorchoiceforresearchwheretemporalfactorsareanissue

»Extremelyheavyresources,requiringverylargesamplegroups

•Quasi-experiments

Advantages:

»Controlgroupcomparisonspossible

»Reducedthreatstoexternalvalidityasnaturalenvi