08春高口译笔试真题.docx

08春高口译笔试真题.docx

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08春高口译笔试真题

SECTION2:

READINGTEST 

Directions:

Inthissectionyouwillreadseveralpassages.Eachoneisfollowedbyseveralquestionsaboutit.YouaretochooseONEbestanswer,（A）,（B）,（C）or（D）,toeachquestion.AnswerallthequestionsfollowingeachpassageonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthatpassageandwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET. 

Question1-5

Lifeexpectancyintherichestcountriesoftheworldnowexceedsthepoorestbymorethan30years,figuresshow.Thegapiswideningacrosstheworld,withWesterncountriesandthegrowingeconomiesofLatinAmericaandtheFarEastadvancingmorerapidlythanAfricaandthecountriesoftheformerSovietUnion.AveragelifeexpectancyinBritainandsimilarcountriesoftheOECDwas78.8in2000-05,anincreaseofmorethansevenyearssince1970-75andalmost30yearsoverthepastcentury.Insub-SaharanAfrica,lifeexpectancyhasincreasedbyjustfourmonthssince1970,to46.1years.Narrowingthis"healthgap"willinvolvegoingbeyondtheimmediatecausesofdisease-poverty,poorsanitationandinfection-totacklethe"causesofthecauses"-thesocialhierarchiesinwhichpeoplelive,saysthereportpublishedbytheGlobalCommissionontheSocialDeterminantsofHealthestablishedbytheWHOin2005.

ProfessorSirMichaelMarmot,chairmanofthecommission,whofirstcoinedtheterm"statussyndrome",saidsocialstatuswasthekeytotacklinghealthinequalitiesworldwide.Inthe1980s,inaseriesofground-breakingstudiesamongWhitehallcivilservants,ProfessorMarmotshowedthattheriskofdeathamongthoseonthelowerrungsofthecareerladderwasfourtimeshigherthanthoseatthetop,andthatthedifferencewaslinkedwiththedegreeofcontroltheindividualshadovertheirlives.

Hesaidyesterdaythatthesameruleappliedinpoorercountries.Ifpeopleincreasedtheirstatusandgainedmorecontrolovertheirlivestheyimprovedtheirhealthbecausetheywerelessvulnerabletotheeconomicandenvironmentalthreats."Whenpeoplethinkaboutthoseinpoorcountriestheytendtothinkaboutpoverty,lackofhousing,sanitationandexposuretoinfectiousdisease.Butthereisanotherissue,thesocialgradientinhealthwhichIcalledstatussyndrome.Itisnotjustthoseatthebottomofthehierarchywhohaveworsehealth;itisallthewayalongthescale.Thosesecondfromthebottomhaveworsehealththanthoseabovethembutbetterhealththanthosebelow."

Theinterimreportofthecommission,intheonlineeditionofTheLancet,saystheeffectsofstatussyndromeextendfromthebottomtothetopofthehierarchy,withSwedishadultsholdingaPhDhavingalowerdeathratethanthosewithamaster'sdegree.Thestudysays:

"Thegradientisaworldwideoccurrence,seeninlow-income,middle-incomeandhigh-incomecountries.Itmeansweareallimplicated."

TheresultisthatevenwithinrichcountriessuchasBritaintherearestrikinginequalitiesinlifeexpectancy.ThepoorestmeninGlasgowhavealifeexpectancyof54,lowerthantheaverageinIndia.Theanswer,thereportsays,isempowerment,ofindividuals,communitiesandwholecountries."Technicalandmedicalsolutionssuchasmedicalcarearewithoutdoubtnecessary.Buttheyareinsufficient."ProfessorMarmotsaid:

"Wetalkaboutthreekindsofempowerment.Ifpeopledon'thavethematerialnecessities,theycannotbeempowered.Thesecondkindispsycho-socialempowerment:

morecontrolovertheirlives.Thethirdispoliticalempowerment:

havingavoice."

Thecommission'sfinalreport,tobepublishedsoon,willidentifytheilleffectsoflowstatusandmakerecommendationsforhowtheycanbetackled.InBritainacenturyago,infantmortalityamongtherichwasabout100per1,000livebirthscomparedwith250per1,000amongthepoor.InfantmortalityisstilltwiceashighamongthepoorinBritain,buttherateshavecomedowndramaticallyto7per1,000amongthepoorand3.5amongtherich.ProfessorMarmotsaid:

"Wehavemadedramaticprogress,butthisisnotaboutabolishingtherankings,butbyidentifyingtheilleffectsofhierarchieswecanmakehugeimprovement."

1.WhichofthefollowingCANNOTbefoundfromthepassage?

（A）LifeexpectancyinLatinAmericaandtheFarEastisincreasingfasterthanAfrica.

（B）InAfrica,lifeexpectancyhadonlyincreasedbyfouryearssince1970to46.1years.

（C）Thereisagapofmorethan30yearsinlifeexpectancybetweentherichestcountriesandthepoorestcountries.

（D）Withinrichcountriestherearealsogreatinequalitiesinlifeexpectancybetweentherichandthepoor.

2.Accordingtothepassage,theterm"statussyndrome"_______,

（A）wasfirstacceptedbytheWorldHealthOrganisationin2005

（B）wasproposedbyProfessorMarmottodescribesocialchanges

（C）isusedtoexposethemajorcausesofhealthinequalities

（D）isusedtoshowthecorrelationbetweensanitationandinfection

3.Accordingtothepassage,theeffectsofstatussyndrome_______.

（A）canonlybefoundfromthoselivingatthebottomofthesociety

（B）usuallyaregreateramongthosefromthelowerclasses

（C）arethesameonpeoplefromeachladderofthesocialhierarchy

（D）extenduniversallyfromthebottomtothetopofthesocialhierarchy

4.ProfessorMarmotproposedthat"empowerment"should________.

（A）mainlyincludetechnicalandmedicaladvancement

（B）beequaltoaccesstomaterialnecessities

（C）bematerial,psycho-socialandpolitical

（D）bethefinalanswertothesocialproblemof"healthgap"

5.Whatcanbeconcludedfromthepassage?

（A）Healthinequalityiscloselyrelatedtosocialhierarchies.

（B）The"causesofthecauses"ofhealthgaplieinthedifferencesbetweenrichandpoorcountries.

（C）Socialrankingshouldbeultimatelyabolished.

（D）Therichcountriesshouldgivemoreassistancetopoorcountriestofillthehealthgap.

Questions6-10

InIdaho'sSnakeRiverValley,wherepotatofarmersdependonelectricpumpstowatertheircrops,thestate'slargestpowercompanyhopestostandtraditiononitsheadandprofitbysellingfarmersless,notmore,electricity.Todothat,IdahoPowerisvastlyexpandingitsenergy-efficiencyprogramsfor395,000residentialcustomers,smallbusinesses,andfarmers.Usuallythemorecustomerssave,thelessutilitiesmake.ButunderaninnovativedealwithstateregulatorsinMarch,IdahoPowergetspaidforitsplantsandequipmentandboostsprofitsbywinningincentivepaymentsforreducingelectricdemand.

It'sanideathatappearstobecatchingonaslegislaturesfretaboutglobalwarmingandutilitiesscrambletomeetrisingdemandwithouttheincreasingharassmentandcostofbuildingnewpowerplants.Idahoisamong13stateswhoseregulatorshaveeitheradoptedorproposedmeasuresinthepastyeartodecoupleutilityprofitfromelectricityproduction.Decouplingisadvancingevenfasterfornatural-gasutilities,with25stateseitheradoptingorproposingdecouplingplansinrecentyears."Thiswavetoward'decoupling'isclearlygatheringmomentum,"saysMartinKushleroftheAmericanCouncilforanEnergy-EfficientEconomyinWashington."Morestatesseemtobecallingeveryweektofindoutaboutthis."

AlthoughCaliforniapioneeredtheidea25yearsago-andstrengthenedincentivesandpenaltieslastmonth-interestispickingupagainbecauseofglobalwarming,expertssay.Themainideaisthatbyrearrangingtheincentivestructure,regulatorscangiveutilitiesclearincentivestopushenergyefficiencyandconservationwithouthurtingtheirbottomlines.UnderthenewrulesinCalifornia,forexample,electricutilitiescouldmakeasmuchas$150millionextraiftheycanpersuadeCalifornianstosavesome$2billionworthofpower,accordingtotheNaturalResourcesDefenseCouncil.

"Thisisavitalstepintheglobal-warmingfight,"saysAudreyChang,anNRDCresearcher."Itrepresents,wehope,ahistoricshifttowarddecouplingthatisgoingtohelpbendtheenergydemandcurvedownwards."BesideIdaho,statesthatthisyearadopteddecouplingforsomeorallofitselectricpowerindustryincludeNewYork,Connecticut,andVermont.Atleastnineotherstateshaveseenmajordecouplingproposalsthisyear.

IdahoPowerishappythatitskeyfixedcosts-plantsandequipment-arenowseparatedfromvariablecostsofelectricitysalessuchasfuel.Regulatorsannuallyreadjustthosefixedrates-upordown-amaximumof3percenttoensurethatthecompanygetsnomoreorlessthanithasbeenregulatedtoreceive.Butcustomersshouldbenefit,too,asutilityefficiencyprogramscutenergyuseandenergybills-somethingthecompanyistryinghardtodosoitcanwinabonusifitmeetsorexceedsenergy-cuttinggoals."Beforetherewasalmostadisincentivetogohardatefficiencybecauseweweren'trecoveringourfixedcosts,"saysMikeYoungblood,ananalystforIdahoPower."Nowtheanticipationisthatwewillrecoverourfixedcost,nomoreorless.Andourcustomerswillseetheirbillgodowniftheyinvestinenergyefficiency."

Onekeyreasonutilitiesareoftenwillingtodecoupleorevenleadingproponentsoftheproposalsisbecausethecostsofbuildingapowerplanthasrisendramatically.A500-megawattcoal-firedplantthatcost$1billionjustafewyearsagomightcost$1.5billiontoday,industryexpertssay.Addtothatgrowinguncertaintyaboutfuturecosts.Global-warminglegislationcouldputapriceof$30pertononcarbon-dioxideemissionsfrompowerplants.Thatcouldmakecoal,thecheapestpowertoday,morecostly.Anotherfactoristherisingcommunityoppositiontocoal-firedpowerplantconstruction.

InNorthCarolina,whereregulatorsrecentlyrefusedaDukeEnergyCorp