博士入学考试通用考博英语翻译精讲.docx

1、博士入学考试通用考博英语翻译精讲 考博英语翻译精讲备考指导一、博士生入学考试英语考试指导标准 教育部硕士、博士学位研究生英语教学大纲：博士生英语入学考试的理论指导标准 英语水平原则上应达到或略高于硕士生的水平 应具有“熟练的阅读能力” “较好的写作能力” “一定的听说能力”二、中国科学院博士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲“四、英译汉：要求考生将一篇近 400 字的英语短文中有下划线的 5 个句子翻译成 汉语。主要测试考生是否能从语篇的角度正确理解英语原句的意思，并能用准确、 达意的汉语书面表达出来。”题量：5 分值：15 时间：30 分钟三、各校博士生入学考试翻译部分分值对比： 清华大学：10 分

2、北京大学：0 分 复旦大学：20 分 中国科学院：15 分厦门大学：15 分 华东理工大学：20 分四、什么是翻译？ Translating is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor. Columbia Encyclopedia Translating is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual in another language (TL)

3、. J.C. Carford To translate is to change into another language, retaining as much of the sense as onecan. Samuel Johnson. 比较两者，其共同点有： (1) 两者带有相似的目的：两种转换过程都是为了实现内容通过载体的变换从一端到另一端的传递。 (2) 两者含有相似的基本要素： 第一要素内容，在交通工具换乘过程中是人员，而在翻译过程中则是信息。 第二要素载体，在交通工具换乘过程中是车辆、船舶、飞机等，转换前是一种运输 工具，转换后改为另一种运输工具；而在翻译过程中则是语言，转换前

4、是源语（source language），转换后是译语（target language）。 (3) 两者具有相似的操作要求： 第一，两者都要求内容不变。 第二，两者都要求过程顺畅。五、翻译的定义德国译学教授 Wolfram Wilss 在 The Science of Translation：Problems & Methods 一 书中说：Translation is not simply a matter of seeking other words with similar meaning, but of finding appropriate ways of saying things

5、 in another language. Translating is always meaning-based, i.e. it is the transfer of meaning instead of form from the source language to the target language.（翻译不只是在另一种语言中寻找意义相似的其他词语，而是寻找表达事物的适当方式。翻译始终立足于语义，也就是说，是语义从源语到译语的转换，而不是形式。）六、翻译的标准清代启蒙思想家严复（18531921），从光绪 24 年（1898 年到 1911 年），共 13 年潜心翻译， 在天演论

6、（1898 年出版）卷首的译例言中，严复提出了著 名的“信、达、雅”的翻译标准。他说：“译事三难:信、达、雅。“求其信，已大难矣！ 顾信矣，不达，虽译，犹不译也，则达尚焉。”信：“意义不背本文”。 达：不拘泥于原文形式，尽译文语言的能事以求原意明显。 雅：译文采用“汉以前字法句法”，既片面追求完美的文言文。 “雅”早已被现代翻译名家解释为： 风格得体译文保持原文的风格 修辞得当译文应经细心润色忠实、完整、通顺七、翻译的过程1.理解原文判断句型：简单句、复合句、并列句、并列复合句理清主干：抓住主谓，理解核心含义。句子切分：断开并列结构、主句和从句、修饰和被修饰成分。词义推敲：根据上下文选择词义或

7、引申词义。2.翻译题目直译为主：考研翻译句子中 80%左右可以运用直译法翻译。其他为辅：部分结构如果直译翻译出来令人费解或语句不通，则灵活选择其他方法进行翻译。3.检查誊写人名地名日期方位重要词组核心词汇句子通顺标点符号英译汉翻译方法一、翻译的基本方法1.直译2.意译3.音译和综合二、英汉语言核心差异 三、词法翻译 1.词义的选择、引申和褒贬Pepper and mustard are hot.My mother get a very hot temper.A hot tip says thatIm good at history but not so hot at arithmetic. M

8、y stomach doesnt feel so hot.Shes very hot.He is the last man to come. He is the last man to do it.He is the last person for such a job. He should be the last to blame.This is the last place where I expected to meet you.通过抽象化加以引申They have their smiles and tears.We insist that international trade sho

9、uld not be a one-way street. I have no head for mathematics.As far as the head goes, at least, she does credit to the educational system pursued at my establishment.通过具体化加以引申The car in front of me stopped, and I missed the green.Perhaps the only trouble with copper is that it is not hard enough for

10、some uses. 2.词类转换 (1)名词转译成动词 由动词派生的名词转译成动词。Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe. In China, there is a lot of emphasis on politeness.含有动作意味的名词往往可以转译成动词。A careful study of the original text will give you a better translation. The sight and sound of our jet planes filled m

11、e with special longing.英语中有些加后缀-er 的名词，He is a good singer.Those small factories are also lavish consumer and waster of raw materials.有些短语中作为中心主体词的名词往往可转译成动词，如 To have a rest 和 To have a good look at 里的 rest 和 look.You must be tired. Why dont you take a rest?The car braked sharply, coming to rest on

12、 the edge of the cliff.(2)形容词转译成动词I am anxious about his health.Scientists are confident that all matter is indestructible.常见的有：与思维和知觉相关的形容词：aware, conscious, certain, sure, mindful, ignorant, alert等；与情感相关的形容词：glad, pleased, cautious, careful, angry, happy, exhilarated, excited, confident, thankful,

13、 grateful, concerned, eager, afraid, doubtful, sorry 等； 与欲望相关的形容词：desirous, hopeful, anxious, keen, enthusiastic, zealous 等。(3)副词转译成动词She opened the window to let fresh air in.After careful investigation they found the design behind.英语中很多由名词派生的动词，以及由名词转用的动词，在汉语中往往不易找到相 应的动词，这时可将其转译成汉语名词。(4)名词派生的动词Th

14、is kind of behavior characterizes the criminal mind. To them, he personified the absolute power.(5)名词转用的动词Our age is witnessing a profound political change.Most U.S. spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earths atmosphere after completing their missions.(5)形容词转译成名词英语中有些形容词加上定冠词表示某一类的人，汉译时常译成

15、名词。They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.有时候根据情况，可以灵活处理，把有些形容词转换成名词来翻译。He was eloquent and elegantbut soft. His whole family were religious. 3.增词法 增加原文中省略的部分 增补回答句中省略的词语Shall I bring you a dictionary or an encyclopedia? Both, please. Are you tired? Not very.增补并列结构中省略的词语We dont retreat

16、, we never have and never will。A fool and his words are soon parted; a man of genius and his money. Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man.增补表示逻辑关系或者平衡结构的词语Suppose the preparatory work should not be completed. Students should learn from teachers and vice versa.增加意义上或修

17、辞上的需要上的部分 增加动词He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech. He spoke hopefully of the success of the negotiation.增加形容词或者副词 What a leader he was! The crowds melted away.As he sat down and began talking, words poured out.增加名词1在不及物动词后面增加名词Day after day he came to his work sweeping, scrubbing, clea

18、ning. He never drinks before driving.2在形容词前增加名词This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.A new kind of aircraftsmall, cheap, pilotlessis attracting increasing attention.3在抽象名词后增加名词 如：to innovate 革新innovation 革新措施to evolve 进化evolution 进化过程to solve 解决solution 解决方法to derive 推导derivation 推导过程to persuade

19、说服persuasion 说服工作 to prepare 准备preparation 准备工作 backward 落后backwardness 落后状态 tense 紧张tension 紧张局势arrogant 自满arrogance 自满情绪 mad 疯狂madness 疯狂行为 antagonistic 敌对antagonism 敌对态度 redundant 多余redundancy 多余信息增加表示名词复数的词1增加重迭词表示复数 Flowers bloom all over the yard. Newsmen went flying off to Mexico.2增加数词或其他词表示复

20、数The lion is the king of animals.We have to face different problems.增加表达时态的词对某种时间概念作强调时，往往要加一些词。 had known two great social systems.2强调时间上的对比时，往往需要加一些词Man, was, is and always will be trying to improve his living conditions. I was, and remain, grateful for the part he played in my release.四、句法翻译 1.分译

21、/合译The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements.Incidentally, I hope to get better medical treatment in these countries than I can possibly get here in the US.They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.That region was the most identifiable trouble spot.As a place to live,

22、it left much to be desired. As a secret training base for a revolutionary new plane, it was an excellent site, its remoteness effectively masking its activity Sunrays filtered in wherever they could, driving out darkness and choking the shadows.Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, a universa

23、lly accepted law2.名词从句的译法一、主语从句（一）以 what, whatever, whoever, whether, when, where, how, why 等词引导的主语 从句，在翻译的时候，一般可以按照英语原文顺序来翻译。What he told me was only half-truth.Whether he comes or not makes no difference.（二）用 it 作形式主语的主语从句，可以把主语从句放到汉语句子最前面去翻译。为了强调起见，it 一般可以译出来；如果不需要强调，it 也可以不译出来。It doesnt make muc

24、h difference whether he attends the meeting or not. It seemed inconceivable that the pilot could have survived the crash.It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings.二、宾语从句（一）用 that, what, how, when, which, why, whether, if 等引起的宾语从句，翻译成 汉语的时候，一般不需要改变它在原句中的顺序。I dont know that

25、 he swam across the river.I dont know how he swam across the river.（二）用 it 作形式宾语的句子，在翻译的时候，that 所引导的宾语从句一般可按 英语原文顺序翻译；it 有时候可以不用翻译。I made it clear to them that they must hand in their papers before 10 oclock in the morning.I regard it as an honor that I am chosen to attend the meeting.We consider it

26、 absolutely necessary that we should open our door to the outside world.三、表语从句That is why Jack got scolded. 四、同位语从句 能接同位语从句的名词主要有：belief（相信），fact（事实），hope（希望）， idea（想法，观点），doubt（怀疑），news（新闻，消息），rumor（传闻），conclusion（结论），evidence（证据），suggestion（建议），problem（问题），order（命令），answer（回答），decision（决定），discove

27、ry（发现），explanation（解释），information（消息），knowledge（知识），law（法律），opinion（意见，观点），truth（真理， 事实），promise（承诺），report（报告），thought（思想），statement（声明），rule 3.定语从句的译法 一、前置法：把定语从句翻译到所修饰的先行词前面，可以用“的”来连接。He who has never tasted what is bitter does not know what is sweet.没有吃过苦的人不知道什么是甜。Space and oceans are the new w

28、orld which scientists are trying to explore.太空和海洋是科学家们努力探索的新领域。His laughter, which was infectious, broke the silence. 他那富有感染力的笑声打破了沉寂。 二、后置法：把定语从句翻译在所修饰的先行词后面，翻译为并列分句。I told the story to John, who told it to his brother.We wish to express our satisfaction at this to the Special Committee, whose acti

29、vities deserve to be encouraged. 4.状语从句的译法 时间状语从句译成相应的时间状语译成“一（刚、每）.就”译成条件句Turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine.如果机器发生故障，就把电门关上。原因状语从句 前因后果，前果后因 否定转移I dont teach because teaching is easy for me.They did not come to the hospital because they wanted to see me. The motor did no

30、t stop running because the fuel was finished.He didnt wear a coat because it was cold. He didnt die. 他没死。He didnt die happily. 他死得 不幸。She doesnt do it.She doesnt do it the right way.1. 根据标点符号He didnt leave the party , because Jane was still there.2. 句子结构I didnt do it not because. but3. 上下文逻辑I dont t

31、each because teaching is easy for me.They did not come to the hospital because they wanted to see me. The motor did not stop running because the fuel was finished.He didnt wear a coat because it was cold.I didnt call because I like her.英译汉真题解析：（参考译文可自己随课堂记录） 真题讲解 1：中科院 2012 年 3 月PAPER TWOPART TRANSLATION (30 minutes, 15 points)Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined seg