雅思阅读第二讲是非无判断题.ppt

1、Lecture Two,TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN QUESTIONS是非无判断题,Objectives of Lecture Two,Overview of T/F/NG questions;Principles of T/F/NG questions;Steps of doing T/F/NG questions;,TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN QUESTIONS,Overview of T/F/NG questionsBased on the statistics from the last three years,T/F/NG questions in IEL

2、TS Reading is becoming more important;Normally 7-16 questions;Examiner has to judge whether the information in the questions(statements)are True/False/Not Given according to the original text;,Overview of T/F/NG questions,Most questions following the order principle;if not,key words have to be found

3、;No personal understandings,find answer from the original text;Language understanding only,no logical understanding;It is one of the detailed/local questions(based on the Threes Elements Analysis System).,Overview of T/F/NG questions,题目为若干个陈述句，要求根据原文所给信息，判断每个陈述句是对，错，还是未提及。题目中通常陈述A事物和B事物之间的关系，而关系通常被设

4、置为考点。需通过题目中的关键词找到原文该题出处，作对比理解。,True/False/Not Given,TRUE/YES FALSE/NONOT GIVEN,TRUE,Implications of TRUE When the information represented in the questions and the original text are the same,the question is TRUE：题目和原文对应信息表述一致。Topic information(topic)in the statement and the original text are the same

5、;Description to the topic(how)in the question and the text are the same.,Principles of TRUE,Question is consented with the original text(Synonymous of n.).题目是原文的同义表达/同义替换:名词（同根词之间的转换）Example 1:Question:Computers are more popular than they used to be.Original:Computers are gaining in popularity,despi

6、te their cost.,Question is consented with the original text(n.).,Synonymous：numbers数量的同义替换 Example 2A Question:Many lectures get satisfaction from their work.Original：The majority of lectures find their jobs very rewarding.NB：Many 包含在majority之内。,Synonymous：numbers数量的同义替换,Example 2BQuestion:Most are

7、less than five years old.大多数都少于五年。Original：Few are more than five years old.很少有超过五年的。,Principles of TRUE,2.The question is a reasonable induction of the original text.题目是原文的合理推断。Example 3:Original:It has been proved that a rapid response（快速反应）leads to a great likelihood of a arrest（逮捕）only if it is

8、1-2 minutes after a call is received by a police.When the response time increases to 3-4 minutes,the likelihood of arrest is substantially reduced.,2.Question is a reasonably induction of the original text.,Question:A delay of 1-2 minutes in response may have substantial influence on whether or not

9、a suspected criminal（嫌疑犯）is caught.,Notes to TRUE questions,No personal understandings and no personal reasoning 可以依据原文做适当的推断，但不能做无根据的自行推断或过度的推理。Example 4 Question:A 50-watt E-lamp can give the same amount of light that is given by a 200-watt incandescent.,Notes to TRUE questions,Original:Counting t

10、he cost of electricity,a 25-watt E-lamp could give out the same amount of light comparable to a 100-watt incandescent lamp(白炽灯).Answer:NOT GIVEN,FALSE&NOT GIVEN,Implications of FALSE The information expressed in the question is the opposite of that presented in the text.Implications of NOT GIVEN You

11、 can find nothing in the text about the information.选择false还是not given 关键要看题目表述和原文表述是否对立。,FALSE&NOT GIVEN,Example 5Original：The water is cold.Question 1:The water is hot.Question 2:The water is dirty.,FALSE/NO,Principles of FALSE 1.Statements which are the opposite of the original text.命题与原文内容对立（相反）

12、。Example 6 Question:Hurricanes are winds with the speed of up to 74 miles per hour.Original:Hurricanes have winds of at least 74 miles per hour.,Principles of FALSE,2.Statements which are the opposite of the original text,because they are negative.命题与原文内容对立（相反），因为命题否定原文内容。Example 7：Question:The dest

13、ruction caused by hurricanes has ceased due to improvements in forecasting.,Principles of FALSE,Original:As forecasting improved communities were no longer surprised by hurricanes and could take measures to evaluate ahead of the storm.While destruction still continues,the number of deaths in hurrica

14、nes has dropped significantly.continue ceased,Principles of FALSE,3.Statements where the information is not the opposite or negative,but the information in the statement contradicts that given in the text.命题信息既不对立（相反）也不否定，但是和原文内容矛盾。,3.Information in statements contradicts that given in the text,Exam

15、ple 8 Original:In 1609,a fleet of ships carrying settlers from England to Virginia USA was stuck by a hurricane.Some of the ships were damaged and part of the fleet grounded on Bermuda,an isolated nation in the Atlantic.These passengers became the first people to live on Bermuda.,3.Information in st

16、atements contradicts that given in the text,Question：The first people to live on Bermuda were settlers who chose to live there as alternative to England。,Notes to FALSE/NO,当题目与原文内容相对立时，通常有反义词、not+同义词或者反义结构出现。Example 9 Question：A species is said to be extinct when only one individual exists.当只有一个个体存活

17、时，一个物种就被说是灭亡了。Original：A species becomes extinct when the last individual dies.当最后一个个体死亡时，一个物种就灭绝了。,Notes to FALSE/NO,2.When the context has many factors paralleled,and the statements in the question is just one of them(“must”or“only”appears);原文是多个条件并列，题目只是其中一个条件（出现must或only).,Notes to FALSE/NO,Exam

18、ple 10.Question:only Russians have won gold medals in the mens winter Olympics.Original:Since the start of Winter Games,45 out of 46 gold medals in mens Nordic skiing(越野滑雪)event have been won by competitors from Scandinavia or the former Soviet Union.,Notes to FALSE/NO,3.the context has two or more

19、circumstances(often has“bothand,and,or,also”etc.),statements in the question only one of the circumstances mentioned.The question only mentions it must/only has one circumstance.原文是两个或多个情况都可以，常有 both and,and,or,also 等词，题目只是“必须”或“只有”其中一个情况，也出现了must或only 或only one.,Notes to FALSE/NO,Example 11 Questio

20、n:Tickets must be bought in advance from an authorized Daybreak agent.Original:Booking in advance is strongly recommended as all Daybreak tours are subject to demand.Subject to availability,tickets can also be purchased from the driver.,Notes to FALSE/NO,4.Adverbs of sphere/frequency/possibility app

21、ear both in the statements and the original context.原文和题目中使用了表示不同范围、频率、可能性的副词。Note:adv.使用不一致的词有？,Notes to FALSE/NO,Example 12 Question:It is impossible to get a good job without a qualification from a respected institution.Original:Without a qualification from a reputable school or university,it is

22、unlikely to find a good job.,Notes to FALSE/NO,5.Context explains the theory or feeling concerning the topic information,but the statement rose to objective facts or proved theory.原文为人们对于某样事物的理论或感觉，题目则上升为客观事实或已被证明的理论。及“理论（theory）”拔高到“事实（facts）”,Notes to FALSE/NO,Example 13Question:It is a fact that

23、the melting of ice caps in both south and north poles are worsened by worldwide increase in temperature.Original:Another theory is that worldwide temperature increases are melting polar ice caps（极地冰帽的融化）.,Notes to FALSE/NO,6.The original context has adverbial of condition(条件状语),e.g.,if,unless,or if

24、not,OR use some prepositional phrase(介词短语)to represent adverbial of condition,e.g.,in，with，but for or except for。Statements have no such adv.原文中包含条件状语限制，题目中去掉了条件成份。,Notes to FALSE/NO,Example 14 Question:The media has often criticized the Internet because it is dangerous.Original:The Internet has oft

25、en been criticized by the media as a hazardous tool in the hands of young computer users.,Principles of NOT GIVEN,1.The topic information in the question is not mentioned in the text,or cannot find the basis from the original text.题目中的某些内容在原文中没有提及，或在原文中找不到依据。（该种类的NG大约占该题型的50%左右）,Principles of NOT GI

26、VEN,Example 15Question:The Mayans lost many of their major settlements because of hurricanes。Original:The Mayans also showed their respect for hurricanes by building their major settlements away from the hurricane-prone(飓风频发)coast line.,Principles of NOT GIVEN,Example 16 Question:The author believes

27、 that all foxes should be killed.,Principles of NOT GIVEN,Original:I would suggest that foxes pose a greater problem,yet there is no passionate public campaign to oust(驱逐;剥夺；取代)foxes,presumably because it is obvious we can never eliminate the millions of wild foxes in Australia.Yet the same common s

28、ense thinking is not applied to cats.It is thought instead that,if everyone would only spay their cats,string bells around their necks and keep them in at night,cats would no longer kill wildlife.But what of the millions of feral(野生的)cats in our deserts and woodlands?They are the bigger problem,but

29、they are no more controllable than foxes or cane toads.,Principles of NOT GIVEN,题目的意思：所有的狐狸都应该被消灭。原文的意思是：狐狸引起了更加严重的问题，但公众却没有什么热情去开展活动驱逐狐狸，这大概是因为澳洲要消灭所有的狐狸显然是不可能的。,Principles of NOT GIVEN,2.The scope of the statement is smaller than the original text.题目中涉及的范围小于原文涉及的范围。,Principles of NOT GIVEN,Example

30、 17 Question:Our computer clubs offer color printers.Original:Macquarie university endeavors to keep pace with the technology innovation by equipping the campus with computers accessing the Internet.Moreover,our computer clubs,whose number is constantly increased,provide printers with only a reasona

31、ble charge.,Principles of NOT GIVEN,3.The text represents ones targets,aims,opinions,willingness,guarantee or pledge,etc.,but the statement represents the facts.原文是某人的目标、目的、想法、愿望、保证、发誓等，而题目是事实。原文中常用aim（目的）、purpose（目的）、promise（保证）、swear（发誓）及vow（发誓）等词。题目中用实意动词。,Principles of NOT GIVEN,Example 18Questi

32、on:Only amateur athletes are allowed to compete in the modern Olympics.只有业余运动员被允许在现代奥运会中竞争。Original:His aim was to bring together,once every four years,athletes from all countries on the friendly fields of amateur（mt）sport.他的目的是把各国的运动员每四年一次聚集到友好的业余运动会的赛场上。,Principles of NOT GIVEN,4.The comparatives

33、appear in the statement,not in the original text.题目出现了比较级，而原文中没有比较。,Principles of NOT GIVEN,Example 19Question:There is now greater variety of restaurants to choose from in Sydney than in the past.Original:In Sydney,a vast array of ethnic and local restaurants can be found to suit all palates and pocket,which is tremendously different from the past when a full wallet was the sloe guarantee to the