雅思阅读第二讲是非无判断题.ppt
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LectureTwo,TRUE/FALSE/NOTGIVENQUESTIONS是非无判断题,ObjectivesofLectureTwo,OverviewofT/F/NGquestions;PrinciplesofT/F/NGquestions;StepsofdoingT/F/NGquestions;,TRUE/FALSE/NOTGIVENQUESTIONS,OverviewofT/F/NGquestionsBasedonthestatisticsfromthelastthreeyears,T/F/NGquestionsinIELTSReadingisbecomingmoreimportant;Normally7-16questions;Examinerhastojudgewhethertheinformationinthequestions（statements）areTrue/False/NotGivenaccordingtotheoriginaltext;,OverviewofT/F/NGquestions,Mostquestionsfollowingtheorderprinciple;ifnot,keywordshavetobefound;Nopersonalunderstandings,findanswerfromtheoriginaltext;Languageunderstandingonly,nologicalunderstanding;Itisoneofthedetailed/localquestions（basedontheThreesElementsAnalysisSystem）.,OverviewofT/F/NGquestions,题目为若干个陈述句，要求根据原文所给信息，判断每个陈述句是对，错，还是未提及。
题目中通常陈述A事物和B事物之间的关系，而关系通常被设置为考点。
需通过题目中的关键词找到原文该题出处，作对比理解。
True/False/NotGiven,TRUE/YESFALSE/NONOTGIVEN,TRUE,ImplicationsofTRUEWhentheinformationrepresentedinthequestionsandtheoriginaltextarethesame,thequestionisTRUE：
题目和原文对应信息表述一致。
Topicinformation（topic）inthestatementandtheoriginaltextarethesame;Descriptiontothetopic（how）inthequestionandthetextarethesame.,PrinciplesofTRUE,Questionisconsentedwiththeoriginaltext（Synonymousofn.）.题目是原文的同义表达/同义替换:
名词（同根词之间的转换）Example1:
Question:
Computersaremorepopularthantheyusedtobe.Original:
Computersaregaininginpopularity,despitetheircost.,Questionisconsentedwiththeoriginaltext（n.）.,Synonymous：
numbers数量的同义替换Example2AQuestion:
Manylecturesgetsatisfactionfromtheirwork.Original：
Themajorityoflecturesfindtheirjobsveryrewarding.NB：
Many包含在majority之内。
Synonymous：
numbers数量的同义替换,Example2BQuestion:
Mostarelessthanfiveyearsold.大多数都少于五年。
Original：
Fewaremorethanfiveyearsold.很少有超过五年的。
PrinciplesofTRUE,2.Thequestionisareasonableinductionoftheoriginaltext.题目是原文的合理推断。
Example3:
Original:
Ithasbeenprovedthatarapidresponse（快速反应）leadstoagreatlikelihoodofaarrest（逮捕）onlyifitis1-2minutesafteracallisreceivedbyapolice.Whentheresponsetimeincreasesto3-4minutes,thelikelihoodofarrestissubstantiallyreduced.,2.Questionisareasonablyinductionoftheoriginaltext.,Question:
Adelayof1-2minutesinresponsemayhavesubstantialinfluenceonwhetherornotasuspectedcriminal（嫌疑犯）iscaught.,NotestoTRUEquestions,Nopersonalunderstandingsandnopersonalreasoning可以依据原文做适当的推断，但不能做无根据的自行推断或过度的推理。
Example4Question:
A50-wattE-lampcangivethesameamountoflightthatisgivenbya200-wattincandescent.,NotestoTRUEquestions,Original:
Countingthecostofelectricity,a25-wattE-lampcouldgiveoutthesameamountoflightcomparabletoa100-wattincandescentlamp（白炽灯）.Answer:
NOTGIVEN,FALSE&NOTGIVEN,ImplicationsofFALSETheinformationexpressedinthequestionistheoppositeofthatpresentedinthetext.ImplicationsofNOTGIVENYoucanfindnothinginthetextabouttheinformation.选择false还是notgiven关键要看题目表述和原文表述是否对立。
FALSE&NOTGIVEN,Example5Original：
Thewateriscold.Question1:
Thewaterishot.Question2:
Thewaterisdirty.,FALSE/NO,PrinciplesofFALSE1.Statementswhicharetheoppositeoftheoriginaltext.命题与原文内容对立（相反）。
Example6Question:
Hurricanesarewindswiththespeedofupto74milesperhour.Original:
Hurricaneshavewindsofatleast74milesperhour.,PrinciplesofFALSE,2.Statementswhicharetheoppositeoftheoriginaltext,becausetheyarenegative.命题与原文内容对立（相反），因为命题否定原文内容。
Example7：
Question:
Thedestructioncausedbyhurricaneshasceasedduetoimprovementsinforecasting.,PrinciplesofFALSE,Original:
Asforecastingimprovedcommunitieswerenolongersurprisedbyhurricanesandcouldtakemeasurestoevaluateaheadofthestorm.Whiledestructionstillcontinues,thenumberofdeathsinhurricaneshasdroppedsignificantly.continueceased,PrinciplesofFALSE,3.Statementswheretheinformationisnottheoppositeornegative,buttheinformationinthestatementcontradictsthatgiveninthetext.命题信息既不对立（相反）也不否定，但是和原文内容矛盾。
3.Informationinstatementscontradictsthatgiveninthetext,Example8Original:
In1609,afleetofshipscarryingsettlersfromEnglandtoVirginiaUSAwasstuckbyahurricane.SomeoftheshipsweredamagedandpartofthefleetgroundedonBermuda,anisolatednationintheAtlantic.ThesepassengersbecamethefirstpeopletoliveonBermuda.,3.Informationinstatementscontradictsthatgiveninthetext,Question：
ThefirstpeopletoliveonBermudaweresettlerswhochosetolivethereasalternativetoEngland。
NotestoFALSE/NO,当题目与原文内容相对立时，通常有反义词、not+同义词或者反义结构出现。
Example9Question：
Aspeciesissaidtobeextinctwhenonlyoneindividualexists.当只有一个个体存活时，一个物种就被说是灭亡了。
Original：
Aspeciesbecomesextinctwhenthelastindividualdies.当最后一个个体死亡时，一个物种就灭绝了。
NotestoFALSE/NO,2.Whenthecontexthasmanyfactorsparalleled,andthestatementsinthequestionisjustoneofthem（“must”or“only”appears）;原文是多个条件并列，题目只是其中一个条件（出现must或only）.,NotestoFALSE/NO,Example10.Question:
onlyRussianshavewongoldmedalsinthemenswinterOlympics.Original:
SincethestartofWinterGames,45outof46goldmedalsinmensNordicskiing（越野滑雪）eventhavebeenwonbycompetitorsfromScandinaviaortheformerSovietUnion.,NotestoFALSE/NO,3.thecontexthastwoormorecircumstances（oftenhas“bothand,and,or,also”etc.）,statementsinthequestiononlyoneofthecircumstancesmentioned.Thequestiononlymentionsitmust/onlyhasonecircumstance.原文是两个或多个情况都可以，常有bothand,and,or,also等词，题目只是“必须”或“只有”其中一个情况，也出现了must或only或onlyone.,NotestoFALSE/NO,Example11Question:
TicketsmustbeboughtinadvancefromanauthorizedDaybreakagent.Original:
BookinginadvanceisstronglyrecommendedasallDaybreaktoursaresubjecttodemand.Subjecttoavailability,ticketscanalsobepurchasedfromthedriver.,NotestoFALSE/NO,4.Adverbsofsphere/frequency/possibilityappearbothinthestatementsandtheoriginalcontext.原文和题目中使用了表示不同范围、频率、可能性的副词。
Note:
adv.使用不一致的词有？
NotestoFALSE/NO,Example12Question:
Itisimpossibletogetagoodjobwithoutaqualificationfromarespectedinstitution.Original:
Withoutaqualificationfromareputableschooloruniversity,itisunlikelytofindagoodjob.,NotestoFALSE/NO,5.Contextexplainsthetheoryorfeelingconcerningthetopicinformation,butthestatementrosetoobjectivefactsorprovedtheory.原文为人们对于某样事物的理论或感觉，题目则上升为客观事实或已被证明的理论。
及“理论（theory）”拔高到“事实（facts）”,NotestoFALSE/NO,Example13Question:
Itisafactthatthemeltingoficecapsinbothsouthandnorthpolesareworsenedbyworldwideincreaseintemperature.Original:
Anothertheoryisthatworldwidetemperatureincreasesaremeltingpolaricecaps（极地冰帽的融化）.,NotestoFALSE/NO,6.Theoriginalcontexthasadverbialofcondition（条件状语）,e.g.,if,unless,orifnot,ORusesomeprepositionalphrase（介词短语）torepresentadverbialofcondition,e.g.,in，with，butfororexceptfor。
Statementshavenosuchadv.原文中包含条件状语限制，题目中去掉了条件成份。
NotestoFALSE/NO,Example14Question:
ThemediahasoftencriticizedtheInternetbecauseitisdangerous.Original:
TheInternethasoftenbeencriticizedbythemediaasahazardoustoolinthehandsofyoungcomputerusers.,PrinciplesofNOTGIVEN,1.Thetopicinformationinthequestionisnotmentionedinthetext,orcannotfindthebasisfromtheoriginaltext.题目中的某些内容在原文中没有提及，或在原文中找不到依据。
（该种类的NG大约占该题型的50%左右）,PrinciplesofNOTGIVEN,Example15Question:
TheMayanslostmanyoftheirmajorsettlementsbecauseofhurricanes。
Original:
TheMayansalsoshowedtheirrespectforhurricanesbybuildingtheirmajorsettlementsawayfromthehurricane-prone（飓风频发）coastline.,PrinciplesofNOTGIVEN,Example16Question:
Theauthorbelievesthatallfoxesshouldbekilled.,PrinciplesofNOTGIVEN,Original:
Iwouldsuggestthatfoxesposeagreaterproblem,yetthereisnopassionatepubliccampaigntooust（驱逐;剥夺；取代）foxes,presumablybecauseitisobviouswecannevereliminatethemillionsofwildfoxesinAustralia.Yetthesamecommonsensethinkingisnotappliedtocats.Itisthoughtinsteadthat,ifeveryonewouldonlyspaytheircats,stringbellsaroundtheirnecksandkeeptheminatnight,catswouldnolongerkillwildlife.Butwhatofthemillionsofferal（野生的）catsinourdesertsandwoodlands?
Theyarethebiggerproblem,buttheyarenomorecontrollablethanfoxesorcanetoads.,PrinciplesofNOTGIVEN,题目的意思：
所有的狐狸都应该被消灭。
原文的意思是：
狐狸引起了更加严重的问题，但公众却没有什么热情去开展活动驱逐狐狸，这大概是因为澳洲要消灭所有的狐狸显然是不可能的。
PrinciplesofNOTGIVEN,2.Thescopeofthestatementissmallerthantheoriginaltext.题目中涉及的范围小于原文涉及的范围。
PrinciplesofNOTGIVEN,Example17Question:
Ourcomputerclubsoffercolorprinters.Original:
MacquarieuniversityendeavorstokeeppacewiththetechnologyinnovationbyequippingthecampuswithcomputersaccessingtheInternet.Moreover,ourcomputerclubs,whosenumberisconstantlyincreased,provideprinterswithonlyareasonablecharge.,PrinciplesofNOTGIVEN,3.Thetextrepresentsonestargets,aims,opinions,willingness,guaranteeorpledge,etc.,butthestatementrepresentsthefacts.原文是某人的目标、目的、想法、愿望、保证、发誓等，而题目是事实。
原文中常用aim（目的）、purpose（目的）、promise（保证）、swear（发誓）及vow（发誓）等词。
题目中用实意动词。
PrinciplesofNOTGIVEN,Example18Question:
OnlyamateurathletesareallowedtocompeteinthemodernOlympics.只有业余运动员被允许在现代奥运会中竞争。
Original:
Hisaimwastobringtogether,onceeveryfouryears,athletesfromallcountriesonthefriendlyfieldsofamateur（mt）sport.他的目的是把各国的运动员每四年一次聚集到友好的业余运动会的赛场上。
PrinciplesofNOTGIVEN,4.Thecomparativesappearinthestatement,notintheoriginaltext.题目出现了比较级，而原文中没有比较。
PrinciplesofNOTGIVEN,Example19Question:
ThereisnowgreatervarietyofrestaurantstochoosefrominSydneythaninthepast.Original:
InSydney,avastarrayofethnicandlocalrestaurantscanbefoundtosuitallpalatesandpocket,whichistremendouslydifferentfromthepastwhenafullwalletwasthesloeguaranteetothe
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