专四语法重点总结.docx

1、专四语法重点总结专四语法重点总结一、代词、名词、数次1.在使用两个以上的人称代词时 顺序是 : 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称2.everyone 后面不可以跟 of 短语 every one 就可以3.以名词 / 动名词 +介词(短语) /形容词 /副词 /动词不定式构成的复合名词，它的复数4.物质名词一般不可数， 但用于表示各种不同品种时 几乎都可做可数名词 女口： differentteas5.当抽象名词前后有修饰语表示某一种或某一方面的抽象概念时 其前可加 a/an6.名词所有格要点：必须用 s 的场合1) s 属格用于表示时间，度量衡，价值的名词之后7)当用来表示类别或属性时，要用 s

2、 children s shoes 儿童鞋 必须用 of 的场合1)名词后跟有后置修饰语或同位语时2)以定冠词加分词或形容词表示一类人时7.如果 dozen/score/hundred/thousand/million 前有基数词以表示确切数目时， 都不能用复数形式 如果用来表示很多有不确切的数目时，须用复数，而且后面加 of8.表示顺序的两种方式：1)名词 +基数词，不用冠词，如 Chapter four2) the+ 序数词 + 名词女口 the Fourth Chapter9.倍数增减的表示法1)倍数 +形容词 / 副词比较级 +than2)倍数+as+形容词/副词+as3)倍数+名词4

3、)动词+百分比或倍数5)动词+to+数词6)double/triple/quadruple+ 名词7)动词+by+数词/百分比/倍数10.分数分子为基数词，分母为序数词 分母除了在分子为一的其他情况下为复数11.百分比后接名词时加 of二、形容词、副词1前置修饰语的排列顺序可以置于冠词前的形容词（all both such） -冠词，指示形容词，所有格形容词，不定形容词（a an the this your his any some） 基数词（one ） 序数词（first） 表示性质，状态，质量的形容词（good useful） 表示大小，长短，形状的形容词 表示年龄，新旧，温度的形容词 表

4、示颜色的形容词 表示国籍，产地，区域的形容词 表示材料，用做形容词的名词 动名词，分词2后置修饰语 由前缀a-构成的形容词3.形容词修饰由 some-,a ny-,every-, no-,-body,-o ne,-th ing 等组成的复合不定代词时，必须后置4. enough作形容词修饰名词时既可放前又可放后，但当它作副词修饰形容词或副词时，必须后置5 有些形容词本身就有比年长 ，比优等的意思 这些形容词后面用介词 to而不用than6.much too作为副词短语修饰形容词或副词，不修饰名词7.more不能用来修饰比较级8.与名词连用的 more of a ./as much of a.

5、/ more of a. 意为更像 9. as much of a 意为称得上，less of a意为算不上10. none other than（不是另U人，正是） =no other than11.any/sone/every与other连用时，其后若用可数名词，一般为单数三、情态动词、虚拟语气1. can用于否定句cannot（help）but表示不能不，只能（but后跟不带to的动词不定式）2. must表示禁止，一定不要时的否定式为 mustnt当它表示有把握的推断时 意为一定 准是时 它的否定形式为can t3.need doing=need to be done 这个句型表示被动

6、意味4. need not have done sth 表示本来没有必要做某事 （经常考）虚拟语气1.It is （high/about/the）time. 谓语动词用过去式指现在或将来的情况 表示早该做某事而现在已经有点晚了2. It is the first（second/third）time 后的that从句中，谓语动词要用完成体来表示一种经验3. as if/though的虚拟要点1） 对当时事实的假设，从句谓语用过去式， be动词一律用were2） 对过去事实的假设，从句谓语用过去完成式3） 对未来事实的假设，从句谓语用 would+动词原型五、比较级比较等级的含义：英语中形容词与副

7、词有三个比较等级，即原级，比较级和最高级。 一般来说， 表示等于时用原级。 Eg. I m just as busy today as I was yesterday.表示二者的比较时用比较级 eg. I m much busier today than I was yesterday.表示最”时用最高级 Eg. That was the busiest day of my life.存在句形容词与副词比较等级的构成 构成原级比较级最高级 单音节词尾力口 er, est great greater greatest单音节词尾 e,力口 r, st fine finer finest闭音节单音节

8、词尾只有一个辅音字母 ，双写big bigger biggest辅音字母加er,est少数以y,er,ow, ble结尾双音节词尾力口 er,est happy happier happiest(y 前为辅音字母去 y 力口 clever cleverer cleverest er,est)其它双音节词和多音节词，前加 more, difficult more difficult most difficultmost不规则变化副词比较等级的构成副词比较等级的构成大致与形容词比较等级的构成相同， 但以后缀ly结尾的副词用 more和most ohard hardest hardestearly

9、earlier earliestquickly more quickly most quickly不规则变化形容词与副词比较等级的基本用法A.基本形式as +原级+as 结构eg. He s as tall as I.B. 否定的同级比较常用 not asas或not soaseg. He does not smoke so heavily as his brother.C.变体1)as + much/ma ny + 名词 + as2)as + 形原级 + a +名词 +as3)as +形+不可数名词+ as4)名词复数+as +形 + as5)the same as/ be similar

10、to比较级A.基本结构比较级+than ” 结构eg.He is taller than I .She sees me more ofte n tha n she sees her brother.B.变体1)形比较级+名+ than2)名+形比较级+ than3)the + 形比较级 + of + the two4)superior/ inferior to最高级A.常用“ the +最高级+比较范围”eg. This is the best picture in the hall.He sings the best in the class.B.变体1)more than any othe

11、r2)Not+比较等级关于比较结构用法的补充说明1)morethan是而不是，与其说是不如说是eg.She is more bee n tha n wise.He is more a writer tha n an artist.2)not so muchas与其说是不如说是eg. It wasn t so much that I disliked her as that I just wasn t interested.3)not more/er than 与 no more/er thaneg.He is no richer tha n 1= as poor asHe is not ric

12、her tha n I4)more and moreeg. He is becoming fatter and fatter.5). The more the more eg. The harder she worked, the more progress she made.6)more than 多于eg. More than 1000 people attended the meeting.7)more than 不止， 超过eg. She is more tha n pretty.8)more than 简直不eg. My trip to Beijing is more than si

13、ghtseeing.六、并列结构两个或两个以上意义相关、 层次相同、句法功能也相同、并由并列连词或其他并列手段连接起来的语法结构序列叫做并列结构。1.并列结构的各种形式1)词与词的并列 you and me2)词组与词组的并列 a teacher and a stude nt3)分句与分句的并歹U you can go or you can stay with us.2.并列结构的连接手段1)并列连词2)标点符号3)并列结构的插入语在最后一个项目之前插入一个词语，使这个项目处于更加突出的地位。4)并列结构的对称组合成对组合的办法使整个结构更加紧凑。3.并列连词的意义和用法1.以and为代表的表

14、示语义引申的并列连词and, bothand, not only but also, notnor, neithernor等。这一类并歹U连词在语义上表示其连接的成分是对前项的补充和引申，包括肯定和否定两种意义的引申。And除表示语义增补外还有其他意义. 还有一些and连接的语法结构形似并列结构实际并非并列结构.Eg. This room is nice and warm. = ( nicely warm.) I ll go and see my friend. = ( go to see)2.以or为代表的表示选择的并列连词这类连词包括 or和eitheror3.以but为代表的表示语义转折

15、和对比的并列连词这类连词包括 but, not but, while, whereas, only, yet.4.补充说明：1)bothand只连结成分不连接句子；只连对等结构Eg. Both the stude nt and the teacher are pleased to hear the n ews.2)not onlybut also连结成分和连接句子；只连对等结构Eg. Not only I but also he will take part in the meeti ng.Not only did he help me, but also he sent me home.3)

16、eitheror连结成分和连接句子；连对等结构或不对等结构Eg. Either you or I am going to sha nghai.He can either stay at home or leave.He has either gone to the movies or ( gone to ) the theatre.4)neither nor连结成分和连接句子；连对等结构或不对等结构Eg. He n either likes ficti on nor (likes) poetry.并列连词与连接性状语And 与 moreover;furthermore what s more

17、Eg. He is a good teacher and a good friend.He is a good teacher. Moreover, he is a good friend.but 与 howeveror 与 otherwiseSo与 as a result , consequently .七、存在句(There be)存在句的结构特征存在句的结构模式是：There + be + NP + Locative Expressi on (+ Temporal Expressi on)存在句的引导词There在句中位于主语位置，实义主语是随后的名词词组， There起形式主语的作用，

18、在疑问句中， 它和操作词倒装。注意存在句的引导词 There和句首状语There的区别。存在句的实义主语实义主语的名词词组通常是非确定特指， 即通常带有不定冠词、零冠词及其他非确定意义的限定词，some, any, many, much, a lot of, enough, little 基本句型凡带有非确定特指的名词词 组，一般都可用There存在句转化。存在句的谓语动词存在句的谓语动词主要是动词 be的某种形式，分限定形式和非限定形式。限定形式：一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成体、过去完成体和情态助动词 +不定式。除be夕卜， 某些表示存在意义的不及物动词如： exist, rema in

19、, occur, sta nd, lie.等，能用于there存在句。地点状语前移，there可省。Eg.There can be very little about his guilt.There are many desks in the classroom.There used to be a hospital round the corner.There appears to be no doubt about it.There sta nds a house beh ind the tree.Beh ind the tree (there )sta nds a house.八、 存在

20、句的非限定形式1)存在句的非限定形式there to be 和 there being 结构2)there to be 和there being结构用法与区别there to be :作for介词补语作动词(except, want, like, prefer, hate )的宾语eg.They pla nned for there to be ano ther meet ingMembers like there to be ple nty of choice.there being :作除for外的介词的补语作主语和状语eg.Joh n was relying on there being

21、 ano ther opport uni ty.There being a bus stop so n ear the house is a good adva ntage.存在句的非限定形式与限定形式的转化eg. For there to be so few people in the street was unu sual. = It was unu sual that there were so few people in the street.九、 it句型1.Basic structure:There + be + subject + adverbial2.Non-fin ite s

22、tructureThere to be for ; VerbThere being in,on .;noun; adverbialThere being a lawn extends from the river to the house.There is a lawn extending from the river to the house.There exte nds a law n from the house to the river.From the house to the river lies a law n.From the wall comes the voice of t

23、he doctor.It:1.Refere nee it:Beiji ng is a big city. It is the capital of China.2.Non-refere nee itA.Empty itB.An ticipatory itC.Cleft itIt句型包括由“非指代性it”作型式主语的三种句子：第一种是以it作形式主语的表示时间、 距离、天气等意义的句子；第二种是以 it作先行主语的句子；第三种是以 it作引导词的分裂句。Empty it虚义it是一种非指代性it，以区别于人称代词it，常用作没有具体意义的主语，出现于表示 气候、天气、温度、时间、地点、距离等意义

24、的句子中。也用来表示一般的笼统的情况。也 用于一些结构及习惯语中。Eg.It s fine today, isn t it.It was dull whe n Mary was away.It looks as if the college is very small.Hop it. (Go away)An ticipatory itit用来充当形式主语或形式宾语， 后面的真正主语或真正宾语通常是不定式结构、 动名词或名词性分句。It的这种用法叫作先行it。eg.It is quite importa nt for us to form a good study ing habit.1thin

25、k it important to finish the task in time.it用来充当形式主语，后置的真正主语往往可以取代先行 it的位置，出现在句首。Eg. To form a good study ing habit is quite importa nt for us并非所有先行it结构都可转化，下边句子只能作如下转化。eg.It seems that Joh n is not coming after all.John doesn t seem tocoming after all.Cleft it :Task1.句子的基本结构2.分裂句的本质3.分裂句的结构4.假拟分裂句句

26、子结构主语+谓语已知信息新信息末端中心末端重心Eg. I told him the n ews yesterday.分裂句的本质Eg. I told him the n ews yesterday.Eg. It is I that told him the n ews yesterday分裂it分裂句是以it为引导词的强调句型。它的结构形式是： It +be的一定形式+中心成分+ that /who分句。通过这种结构可以强调除谓语动词以外的大多数句子成分。说话人通过分裂句分别强调主语、间接宾语、直接宾语、状语，使之成为信息中心。分裂句中的谓语可以采取复杂形式Eg.It is I who am

27、to blame.It may have bee n at Christmas that Joh n gave Mary a han dbag.It was in Shanghai that I got my Master Degree. s主语补语通常不作分裂句的中心成分。宾语补语可以这样用。*It is beautiful that she is.It is Chairman of the committee that they elected him.十、动词的强调形式Do的适当形式Eg. I Do give you the book.拟似分裂句Pesudo cleft要强调谓语动词，就

28、得采用另外一种强调句型。这种句型叫作拟似分裂句。拟似分裂句的主语通常是由 what引导的名词性分句，分句的主动词通常是 do的一定形式。分句的主语补语根据主动词 do的适当形式而采取相应的形式。拟似分裂句可采用下列几种形式what 分句+ be + 动词的不定式 eg. He gave her a book. What he did was (to) give her abook.what 分句+ be + 动词的分词 He will be taking a plane to Beijing-What he will be doing is taking a pla ne to Beiji n

29、gHe has finished his homework.-What he has done is finished(finish/to finish) his homework.Pesudo - cleftI gave him a letter.What I did is give him a letterdo/did/does dodoing doingdone done what分句+ be +名词词组 名词词组+ be+ what分句 Eg. He gave her a book. What he gave her was a book. A book was what he gav

30、e her. 十一、附加疑问句Tag Questio nHe must be a clever boy, ?He must be study ing in the room, ?He must have worked hard last ni ght, ?He must have fini shed his work, ?He said he would go with Mary, ?If he had worked hard, he would have passed the exam in ati on, ?I think he is a good stude nt, ?I don t think he is a good student, ?You have a new book, ?He had to go now, ?I have read the book , ?Mary has milk for breakfast everyday, ?We used to live in the country, ?We n ever used to live in the coun try, ?There beThere is a book on the desk.There is a b