陆地生态系统生态学原理期末考试真题.docx

1、陆地生态系统生态学原理期末考试真题Final exam for the course of Ecosystem Ecology, April 25, 2009Name_ Student Number_1. Multiple choice. For each question, there is only one best answer. Circle the correct answer with your pen or pencil. (1 pt. each, 40 pts. total).1). If you are trying to develop a self-contained e

2、cosystem that will be shipped into space to live by itself, which of the following is the minimum situation required for success:a. autotrophs only are needed.b. autotrophs and heterotrophs both are needed.c. autotrophs and decomposers are both needed.d. you must have autotrophs, heterotrophs, and d

3、ecomposers.2). Seasonality in the tropics is most related to variation in _ while seasonality in the temperate zone is most related to variation in _.a. rainfall, temperatureb. temperature, rainfallc. the tilt of the earth, the spin of the earthd. the spin of the earth, the tilt of the earth3). Whic

4、h of the following nutrient cycles directly contributes to acid rain?a. phosphorus cycleb. sulfur cyclec. hydrologic cycled. lead cycle4). Deserts are associated with which latitude:a. equatorial zones b. 45 degrees north or south of equatorc. 30 degrees north or south of equator d. they are not ass

5、ociated with latitude at all5). Which type of response curve is most likely characteristic of micronutrients such as boron?a. linear response c. optimum responseb. saturation response d. sigmoid response6). If the earth spun in the opposite direction, the climate of Sichuan would probably be: a. Muc

6、h warmer throughout the year.b. Generally wetter than it is now.c. Drier than it presently is.d. Sichuan would be unaffected by the change in spin.7). The increasing concentration of chemicals (including nutrients or pollutants) in higher trophic levels is termed:a. net primary productivity b. biolo

7、gical magnification c. trophic dynamicsd. biological remuneration8). Which of the following nutrients with a gaseous biogeochemical cycle requires interactions with specific bacteria to make the cycle perfect?a. oxygenb. nitrogenc. sulfurd. carbon9). What is typical of local nutrient cycles in situa

8、tions that supported temperate grasslands before human settlement?a. large accumulation of litter in the soilb. very high and constant rates of decompositionc. most nutrients stored in living biomassd. unused nutrients rarely found10). Higher plants most often absorb nitrogen from the soil in the fo

9、rm ofa. free nitrogen gas b. ammonia c. amino acids d. nitrates e. nitrites11). As an ecosystem passes through the stages of succession a. its species diversity decreases b. its biomass increases c. it becomes less stable d. its ability to withstand stress decreases12). Competitiona. describes an in

10、teraction in which one organism is adversely affected while the other is unaffectedb. occurs only over food sourcesc. may result in one species dying off or being forced to change its ecological niched. occurs only between closely related organisms13). As energy flows through the ecosystem, the amou

11、nt available to each trophic level a. decreases b. increases c. remains the same d. none of the prior answers is correct14). When we eat vegetables we are acting asa. producers b. primary consumers c. secondary consumers d. decomposers15). Why has earths climate warmed over the past 150 years?a. inc

12、reased greenhouse gas concentrationb. increased solar inputc. land-use and land-cover changed. a and ce. all of the above16). Why do seasons occur on Earth?a. earths distance from the sun varies throughout the year.b. the Coriolis force c. because of the tilt of earths axis.d. because the earth is c

13、lose to the sun in the summer and far from the sun in the winter.e. because of seasonal changes in albedo17). Which of the following has the highest albedo?a. sea iceb. fresh snowc. tundrad. deserte. standing dead grass18). Turnover of plant tissues is _ in the arctic compared to the tropics. a. slo

14、werb. fasterc. about the samed. energetically more expensivee. none of the above19). Of the following, which is the best substitution for NPP? a. photosynthetic capacityb. productivity per unit leaf areac. total leaf aread. specific leaf areae. average leaf N concentration20). Which season of the ye

15、ar has the highest concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere of the Northern Hemisphere?a. summer b. autumnc. winter d. spring21). Water is important in the Earth system becausea. its necessary for lifeb. it exists in nature in gas, liquid, and solid statesc. in changing from one state to another energ

16、y is stored or releasedd. in its various phases it is the primary medium by which energy is transmitted among Earths reservoirs.e. all of the above.22). Wind-driven ocean currents occur ina. the deep oceanb. the surface oceanc. the deep and the surface oceand. do not occur in the ocean23). Between w

17、hich reservoirs does most of carbon transfer take place?a. between the atmosphere and rocksb. between the atmosphere and the oceanc. between the atmosphere and biomassd. between the ocean and rocks.24). For a system that is in Steady Statea. inflow = outflow and the contents of the reservoir is cons

18、tant with time.b. inflow = outflow and the contents of the reservoir grows over time.c. inflow = outflow and the contents of the reservoir declines over time.d. inflow does not equal outflow.25). What are the mechanisms of inflow and outflow in the short-term organic carbon cycle?a. diffusion and li

19、thificationb. plate tectonics and respirationc. photosynthesis and respirationd. lithification and respiration26). The inorganic carbon cycle describes the way that carbon is transported among the reservoirs of the atmosphere, ocean, and solid Eartha. by mechanisms that involve living organisms.b. b

20、y mechanisms that do not involve living organisms.c. by all mechanisms.d. by mechanisms that use pesticides or hormones.27). Chemical weathering occurs whena. CO2 dissolves in the oceanb. Rocks (CaCO3 and CaSiCO3) are dissolved by rain water and are washed into the ocean.c. Volcanic eruptions emit d

21、ust and gases into the atmosphered. Burning of fossil fuel causes acid rain.28). Goats depend on autotrophs for the production of:a. oxygenb. carbohydratesc. both of the aboved. goats are autotrophy29). The number of individuals that an area can support refers to its:a. birth rateb. death ratec. car

22、rying capacityd. ecological niche30). Critically important minerals and other essential substances would be permanently lost to organisms if it were not for the:a. producersb. consumersc. decomposersd. niches31). Who developed the five factors of soil formation that constrain soil and ecosystem deve

23、lopment? a. Arthur Tanselyb. John Derrick Ovingtonc. Hans Jennyd. Raymond L. Lindeman32). PET is always _ AET a. b. Mineralization 39). Which of the following paired processes are NOT exact opposites? a. mineralization vs. immobilization b. humus formation vs. biomass accumulation c. photosynthesis

24、vs. respiration d. absorption vs. adsorption 40). Plants in productive ecosystems (high GPP and high NPP) tend to have _ leaves with a _ photosynthetic capacity.a. short-lived, lowb. long-lived, lowc. short-lived, highd. long-lived highe. red, smooth2. Define the following terms or terminologies in

25、your briefest language (Choose 10 from 14) (1 pt. each, 10 pts. total).1). Modulator2). Adaptive management3). Closed system4). Greenhouse gas5). Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)6). Compensation point7). Root exudation8). Down-regulation9). A horizon10). Water use efficiency11). Bulk de

26、nsity12). Ecosystem approach13). Latent heat flux14). Macronutrients15). Specialist herbivore3. Choose 15 from the following 20 short answer questions (These can be answered in a sentence or two, or even a few words. Longer answers are not necessary. Please do not choose more than 15. 2 pts. each, 3

27、0 pts. total)1). With rising atmospheric CO2, do you expect the range of C4 plants to increase, decrease, or remain the same?2). What are 3 ways plants uptake nutrients?3). Describe the short term responses to water stress in C3 plants.4). To gain an advantage from feeding root symbionts how much mu

28、st photosynthesis increase?5). If you have two leaves of similar nutrient quality (off the same tree) - under what conditions would they decompose at different rates?6). What is the relationship between Heterotrophic Respiration, Net Primary Production, Net Ecosystem Production? 7). Give one reason why the presence of plants can accelerate weathering?8). Why does atmospheric temperature decrease with altitude in the troposphere?9). Because microbes gain e