陆地生态系统生态学原理期末考试真题.docx

陆地生态系统生态学原理期末考试真题.docx

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陆地生态系统生态学原理期末考试真题

FinalexamforthecourseofEcosystemEcology,April25,2009

Name___________StudentNumber__________

1.Multiplechoice.Foreachquestion,thereisonlyonebestanswer.Circlethecorrectanswerwithyourpenorpencil.（1pt.each,40pts.total）.

1）.Ifyouaretryingtodevelopaself-containedecosystemthatwillbeshippedintospacetolivebyitself,whichofthefollowingistheminimumsituationrequiredforsuccess:

a.autotrophsonlyareneeded.

b.autotrophsandheterotrophsbothareneeded.

c.autotrophsanddecomposersarebothneeded.

d.youmusthaveautotrophs,heterotrophs,anddecomposers.

2）.Seasonalityinthetropicsismostrelatedtovariationin________whileseasonalityinthetemperatezoneismostrelatedtovariationin__________.

a.rainfall,temperature

b.temperature,rainfall

c.thetiltoftheearth,thespinoftheearth

d.thespinoftheearth,thetiltoftheearth

3）.Whichofthefollowingnutrientcyclesdirectlycontributestoacidrain?

a.phosphoruscycle

b.sulfurcycle

c.hydrologiccycle

d.leadcycle

4）.Desertsareassociatedwithwhichlatitude:

a.equatorialzones

b.45degreesnorthorsouthofequator

c.30degreesnorthorsouthofequator

d.theyarenotassociatedwithlatitudeatall

5）.Whichtypeofresponsecurveismostlikelycharacteristicofmicronutrientssuchasboron?

a.linearresponse

c.optimumresponse

b.saturationresponse

d.sigmoidresponse

6）.Iftheearthspunintheoppositedirection,theclimateofSichuanwouldprobablybe:

a.Muchwarmerthroughouttheyear.

b.Generallywetterthanitisnow.

c.Drierthanitpresentlyis.

d.Sichuanwouldbeunaffectedbythechangeinspin.

7）.Theincreasingconcentrationofchemicals（includingnutrientsorpollutants）inhighertrophiclevelsistermed:

a.netprimaryproductivity

b.biologicalmagnification

c.trophicdynamics

d.biologicalremuneration

8）.Whichofthefollowingnutrientswithagaseousbiogeochemicalcyclerequiresinteractionswithspecificbacteriatomakethecycle"perfect"?

a.oxygen

b.nitrogen

c.sulfur

d.carbon

9）.Whatistypicaloflocalnutrientcyclesinsituationsthatsupportedtemperategrasslandsbeforehumansettlement?

a.largeaccumulationoflitterinthesoil

b.veryhighandconstantratesofdecomposition

c.mostnutrientsstoredinlivingbiomass

d.unusednutrientsrarelyfound

10）.Higherplantsmostoftenabsorbnitrogenfromthesoilintheformof

a.freenitrogengas

b.ammonia

c.aminoacids

d.nitrates

e.nitrites

11）.Asanecosystempassesthroughthestagesofsuccession

a.itsspeciesdiversitydecreases

b.itsbiomassincreases

c.itbecomeslessstable

d.itsabilitytowithstandstressdecreases

12）.Competition

a.describesaninteractioninwhichoneorganismisadverselyaffectedwhiletheotherisunaffected

b.occursonlyoverfoodsources

c.mayresultinonespeciesdyingofforbeingforcedtochangeitsecologicalniche

d.occursonlybetweencloselyrelatedorganisms

13）.Asenergyflowsthroughtheecosystem,theamountavailabletoeachtrophiclevel

a.decreases

b.increases

c.remainsthesame

d.noneoftheprioranswersiscorrect

14）.Whenweeatvegetablesweareactingas

a.producers

b.primaryconsumers

c.secondaryconsumers

d.decomposers

15）.Whyhasearth’sclimatewarmedoverthepast150years?

a.increasedgreenhousegasconcentration

b.increasedsolarinput

c.land-useandland-coverchange

d.aandc

e.alloftheabove

16）.WhydoseasonsoccuronEarth?

a.earth’sdistancefromthesunvariesthroughouttheyear.

b.theCoriolisforce

c.becauseofthetiltofearth’saxis.

d.becausetheearthisclosetothesuninthesummerandfarfromthesuninthewinter.

e.becauseofseasonalchangesinalbedo

17）.Whichofthefollowinghasthehighestalbedo?

a.seaice

b.freshsnow

c.tundra

d.desert

e.standingdeadgrass

18）.Turnoverofplanttissuesis_________inthearcticcomparedtothetropics.

a.slower

b.faster

c.aboutthesame

d.energeticallymoreexpensive

e.noneoftheabove

19）.Ofthefollowing,whichisthebestsubstitutionforNPP?

a.photosyntheticcapacity

b.productivityperunitleafarea

c.totalleafarea

d.specificleafarea

e.averageleafNconcentration

20）.WhichseasonoftheyearhasthehighestconcentrationofCO2intheatmosphereoftheNorthernHemisphere?

a.summerb.autumn

c.winterd.spring

21）.WaterisimportantintheEarthsystembecause

a.it’snecessaryforlife

b.itexistsinnatureingas,liquid,andsolidstates

c.inchangingfromonestatetoanotherenergyisstoredorreleased

d.init’svariousphasesitistheprimarymediumbywhichenergyistransmittedamongEarth’sreservoirs.

e.alloftheabove.

22）.Wind-drivenoceancurrentsoccurin

a.thedeepocean

b.thesurfaceocean

c.thedeepandthesurfaceocean

d.donotoccurintheocean

23）.Betweenwhichreservoirsdoesmostofcarbontransfertakeplace?

a.betweentheatmosphereandrocks

b.betweentheatmosphereandtheocean

c.betweentheatmosphereandbiomass

d.betweentheoceanandrocks.

24）.ForasystemthatisinSteadyState

a.inflow=outflowandthecontentsofthereservoirisconstantwithtime.

b.inflow=outflowandthecontentsofthereservoirgrowsovertime.

c.inflow=outflowandthecontentsofthereservoirdeclinesovertime.

d.inflowdoesnotequaloutflow.

25）.Whatarethemechanismsofinflowandoutflowintheshort-termorganiccarboncycle?

a.diffusionandlithification

b.platetectonicsandrespiration

c.photosynthesisandrespiration

d.lithificationandrespiration

26）.Theinorganiccarboncycledescribesthewaythatcarbonistransportedamongthereservoirsoftheatmosphere,ocean,andsolidEarth

a.bymechanismsthatinvolvelivingorganisms.

b.bymechanismsthatdonotinvolvelivingorganisms.

c.byallmechanisms.

d.bymechanismsthatusepesticidesorhormones.

27）.Chemicalweatheringoccurswhen

a.CO2dissolvesintheocean

b.Rocks（CaCO3andCaSiCO3）aredissolvedbyrainwaterandarewashedintotheocean.

c.Volcaniceruptionsemitdustandgasesintotheatmosphere

d.Burningoffossilfuelcausesacidrain.

28）.Goatsdependonautotrophsfortheproductionof:

a.oxygen

b.carbohydrates

c.bothoftheabove

d.goatsareautotrophy

29）.Thenumberofindividualsthatanareacansupportreferstoits:

a.birthrate

b.deathrate

c.carryingcapacity

d.ecologicalniche

30）.Criticallyimportantmineralsandotheressentialsubstanceswouldbepermanentlylosttoorganismsifitwerenotforthe:

a.producers

b.consumers 

c.decomposers

d.niches

31）.Whodevelopedthefivefactorsofsoilformationthatconstrainsoilandecosystemdevelopment?

a.ArthurTansely

b.JohnDerrickOvington

c.HansJenny

d.RaymondL.Lindeman

32）.PETisalways________AET

a.>

b.<

c.=

d.≥

33）.Turnoverrateisequalto:

a.MRT

b.stock/flow

c.flowtimesstock

d.flow/stock

34）.Photorespirationiscatalyzedby

a.PEPcarboxylase

b.succinase

c.ATPsynthase

d.rubisco

e.alpha-ketogluterate.

35）.Whensoilsaredryornutrientpoor,inwhichtissueswouldyouexpectplantstoinvestrelativelymoregrowth?

a.roots

b.shoots

c.stems

d.rubisco

36）.Metamorphicrocks:

a.areresistanttoweathering

b.havehighNlevels

c.wereoriginallyotherrocktypes,butwerealteredbyhightemperatures

d.a&b

e.a&c

37）.WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTdescribethestateofnutrientsinsoil?

a.organic

b.exchangable

c.sorbed

d.tertiary

e.containedinprimaryandsecondaryminerals

38）.Netmineralizationbeginswhen:

a.Carbonislimiting

b.Nitrogenislimiting

c.Ligninislimiting

d.Immobilization>Mineralization

39）.WhichofthefollowingpairedprocessesareNOTexactopposites?

a.mineralizationvs.immobilization

b.humusformationvs.biomassaccumulation

c.photosynthesisvs.respiration

d.absorptionvs.adsorption

40）.Plantsinproductiveecosystems（highGPPandhighNPP）tendtohave________leaveswitha______photosyntheticcapacity.

a.short-lived,low

b.long-lived,low

c.short-lived,high

d.long-livedhigh

e.red,smooth

2.Definethefollowingtermsorterminologiesinyourbriefestlanguage（Choose10from14）（1pt.each,10pts.total）.

1）.Modulator

2）.Adaptivemanagement

3）.Closedsystem

4）.Greenhousegas

5）.Normalizeddifferencevegetationindex（NDVI）

6）.Compensationpoint

7）.Rootexudation

8）.Down-regulation

9）.Ahorizon

10）.Wateruseefficiency

11）.Bulkdensity

12）.Ecosystemapproach

13）.Latentheatflux

14）.Macronutrients

15）.Specialistherbivore

3.Choose15fromthefollowing20shortanswerquestions（Thesecanbeansweredinasentenceortwo,orevenafewwords.Longeranswersarenotnecessary.Pleasedonotchoosemorethan15.2pts.each,30pts.total）

1）.Withrisingatmospheric[CO2],doyouexpecttherangeofC4plantstoincrease,decrease,orremainthesame?

2）.Whatare3waysplantsuptakenutrients?

3）.DescribetheshorttermresponsestowaterstressinC3plants.

4）.Togainanadvantagefromfeedingrootsymbiontshowmuchmustphotosynthesisincrease?

5）.Ifyouhavetwoleavesofsimilarnutrientquality（offthesametree）-underwhatconditionswouldtheydecomposeatdifferentrates?

6）.WhatistherelationshipbetweenHeterotrophicRespiration,NetPrimaryProduction,NetEcosystemProduction?

7）.Giveonereasonwhythepresenceofplantscanaccelerateweathering?

8）.Whydoesatmospherictemperaturedecreasewithaltitudeinthetroposphere?

9）.Becausemicrobesgaine