初中一年级英语语法讲稿.docx

1、初中一年级英语语法讲稿Grammar-Band One1主谓宾（主谓表）定状补1. He is a student. 主语2. Marry is working there. 谓语3. She washed her face with her hands. 宾语4. Have a good time. 定语5. He studies everyday. 状语6. I should advise you not to miss the chance. 宾语补足语7. He is a student. 表语2 时态1. He is a student. 一般现在时2.Marry is workin

2、g there. 现在进行时3.She washed her face with her hands. 一般过去时3 句型1. He is a student. 陈述句2. Can you guess who he is? 一般疑问句3. Why does he sing so well. 特殊疑问句4. Does your sister work in the hospital or in the hotel? 选择疑问句5. Let us look at the other side of the problem. 祈使句 Noun 名词：表示人、事物、地点、时间或抽象概念名称的词。分为专

3、有名词和普通名词。1. 专有名词：表示个人、事物、地点、团体、机构或国家等专有的名称的词。一般表示独一无二的事物，第一个字母必须大写。China, Jim, No.1Middle School, Lesson one, The United States of America 2. 普通名词：分四类；个体名词，集体名词，物质名词，抽象名词body, school, class, water, tea, room, box.1) dog, girl, car, teacher, student, book, window, day 2) class, team, people, family,

4、group3)water, tea, milk, coffee, meat, gold 4) secret, news, work, love, health, friendship3. 普通名词根据名词的可数性，分为可数名词和不可数名词，可数名词有单数和复数两种形式，表示一个人或物用单数形式，表示一个以上的人或物用复数形式。构成和读音：1) 一般在词尾加-s，在元音或浊辅音后读z，在清辅音后读s ，在t后与它一起读ts，在d后与它一起读dz。book books s day days dog dogs tree trees z2) 以 s, sh, ch, x 结尾的词在词尾加es，读iz

5、。s, sh, ch, x iz glasses watches boxes 3) 以o结尾的词，一般以辅音字母加o结尾的加-es，以元音字母加o结尾的加-s，但是有特殊的辅音字母加o结尾的加-s。如下：o z tomatoes potatoes / s photos zoos 4) 以f ,fe结尾的词，先把 f ,fe变为v，再加-es，读vz knives leaves lives5) 以辅音字母加y结尾的词，先把y改成I，再加-es，以元音字母加y结尾的词，直接加-s，读iz stories cities families babies / boys toys keys days 6)

6、 有些名词有不规则的复数形式，如：men women teeth feet child children7) 有些名词的单复数形式相同。如：sheep Chinese Japanese8) 有些学科名词以s结尾，但通常都作单数名词看待。如：physics maths politics news9) 有些单数形式的名词具有复数的含义，要当作复数看待。如：people police10) 用来表示不同类别时，可用复数，如：teas fruits fishes waters 有些抽象名词是可数名词。如：jobs hopes4. 名词的格 1）表示无生命东西的名词的所有格，一般用of结构来表示。如：t

7、he leg of a table the name of the ship the end of the week 5.名词在句子中的作用1)The little girl is about six years old. 主语2) His father is a worker. 表语3) She borrow a book from the library. 宾语或复合宾语4) Its a color movie.( orange juice, video arcade) 定语 Pronoun 代词：为了避免重复而用来代替名词的词。1. this, that , these, those （

8、指示代词：表示“这个”“那个”“这些”“那些”等指示概念的代词。）用法：this和 these可以用来指空间或时间上较近的人或物，而that 和those则用来指空间或时间上较远的人或物。如：1. This is a desk and that is a table.2. These are American cars and those are English cars.2. I my, you your, He his, she her, it its, we our, you your, they their.人称代词：指人的代词，表示“你”“我”“他”“她”“它”“我们”“你们”或“他

9、们”等。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化。1) I you he she it we you they（主格）一般来说，人称代词的主格在句中用作主语。当几个不同的人称代词作主语时，常用and或or连接，他们的排列顺序是（1）单数：you, he / she and I; (2)复数：we, you and they. 如果是做错了事，当事人应承当责任时，通常把第一人称I放在句首。1. I like basketball.2. You have a lovely cat.3. he is my favorite.4. she has a big body.2) it（特殊用法）1. Its my c

10、at.用来代替小孩或婴儿，或小动物。2. Its a big park. 用作主语。指代地点或距离。3. It is five oclock. 用作主语。指时间。4. It is fine today. 用作主语。指天气。5. Hello, it is Jackson.打电话时用于指人。3) my your his her its our youre their形容词性物主代词的用法：具有形容词的特征，在句中用作定语，后面接名词。1. Our teacher is coming to see us. 2. This is her pencil-box, and that is your pen

11、cil-box.4) for yourself, by yourself（独自地，单干不要人帮忙）, of itself（自动的） 1. Its good for yourself. 2. You can do it by yourself. 3. The door opened of itself.3. all, each, some, most, another, nobody, nothing, little, a little, few, a few不定代词：仅具有非确定特指含义，通常用作替代词。1) all的用法。意为“所有”。在谈到三个或三个以上的人或物时以及在谈及到不可数的事物时

12、用。但它作主语指人时，谓语动词用复数形式；作主语指物时，谓语动词常用单数形式；作定语时，既可修饰可数名词，又可修饰不可数名词。1. Thats all.表语 2. All is going well。 主语，知物，谓语动词用单数。 3. All the apples in that box go bad.定语2) each意为“每一个”。 1. Each of us has a bike.主语 在each of后面必须接复数名词，但谓语动词只能用单数形式。 2. Each student has got a new pen. / Every student has got a new pen.

13、 each 和every均可作定语，后面的名词只能是单数可数名词，谓语动词只能用单数。且因every只能做定语，所以两者要互换，必须是都作定语时。3) little很少，几乎没有 a little有一些 它们后面接不可数名词，在句中可作定语、主语和宾语。当句子前面有only时，后面只能用a little 1. Can you speak English? Yes, I can speak a little. 宾语 2. There is little left.主语4) few很少，几乎没有 a few有一些 它们后面接可数名词，在句中可作定语、主语和宾语。当句子前面有only时，后面只能用a

14、 few 1. I have a few books but I have few notebooks.定语5) many和much的用法 均表示“许多”，前者修饰可数名词，作定语修饰可数名词复数；后者修饰不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式，作定语修饰不可数名词。 1. Many expressed themselves at the meeting.主语 Many people are over there now.定语 2. There is much to talk about . 主语Much time has been wasted that way.定语6) a lot of = lo

15、ts of = many 或 much用法 均表示“许多”，但a lot of = lots of修饰可数名词复数或不可数名词，前者多用于肯定句中。many 和much可用在肯定句、疑问句和否定句中。 1. We have got a lot of new books. 2. They havent built many houses here. 3. There is not much milk in the bottle.7) other another用法 other意为“另外”。当它前面有定冠词the时，后面可接一个单数或复数名词，当它前面没有时，后面必须跟复数名词。1. other

16、/ the The ball is blue, and the other ball is red.another意为“另外一个”“再一（个）”“类似的另一个”“不同的一个”。它的前面不能用定冠词，它作为限定词（定语）与单数名词连用，但当它后面跟基数词或few，后面的名词须用复数。 2. another / the x Would you like another cup?8) some any 用法。是表示不定数量的代词，相当于“一些”，常用作定语，可修饰可数名词复数和不可数名词，前者常用于肯定句中，后者常用于疑问句、否定句或条件句中，且均可用作宾语。 1. I have some frie

17、nd here. 2. He has not any bananas. 3. Is there any milk in the bottle? 4. Some students like basket ball, some like football. 5. You can come to see me any day if you like.6. everyone, nobody / nothing用法 1) everyone ：everyone的意思等同于“everybody”,只能指人；every one既可指人也可指物，还可以和of了连用。当形容词或else（另外）修饰复合不定代词ev

18、eryone时，形容词或else必须放在复合不定代词的后面。 She took my bottles of water and emptied everyone down the sink. 2) nobody当主句中的主语是指人的复合不定代词nobody等时，其反意疑问句的主语通常用代词they； Nobody knows it. 3) nothing当主句中的主语是指物的复合不定代词如nothing时，其反意疑问句的主语通常用代词it。 There is nothing in the classroom.7. what which who疑问代词：用来构成特殊疑问句的代词。Who常用作主语

19、和表语。 Whom作宾语。what which用作主语、表语、宾语或定语。 1) what What is your father?表语，用来指人的职业。 2) which Which is yours, the white one or the black one?主语 3) who Who are you talking about? who 和whom均可用。 With whom / (who x ) did you go there yesterday? whom 不能改用who，因为前面有介词with。8. each other用法 表示两人或两物之间的相互。 1) We two s

20、hould look after each other.宾语 Article冠词：位于名词之前，用来修饰名词并帮助说明名词的含义。分为两类：定冠词the和不定冠词a an1. the / a an 1) the的用法 1. There is a car under the tree. The car is red.用在第二次提到的人或事物的名词前。 2. the sun the moon the world the earth the sky用于世界上独一无二的事物名词前。 3. Open the window, please.用于说话双方都知道所指的名词前。 4. February is t

21、he second month of the year.用在形容词最高级和序数词之前。 5. the yellow River the Tianshan Mountain the West Lake用在山、河、湖、海、岛屿等名词前。 6. the United Nations the Peoples Daily the Communist Party of China用在由普通名词和形容词构成的专有名词前。 7. the piano the violin用在乐器名称前。 2) a an1. a book a chair a university / an egg an apple an hou

22、r用于名词前，表示“一个”或“一”。a用于辅音音标开头的名词之前；an用于以元音音标开头的名词之前。 2. I only know it was a dog not a cat that bit me.表示一类中的一个。 3. I write to my father once a week. (a day a thousand pound a meter)表示单位、数量、长度、时间等。 4. He is a student. (an engineer a teacher a worker)与表示职业、身份等的名词连用，常常省译。2.用在 such a的结构中。 She is such a b

23、eautiful girl.3. no art.不用冠词的情况： 1. Beijing English Mr. Brown Mary专有名词前。 2. music milk sugar Life / flowers students Desks当抽象名词或物质名词用来表示一般概念时。 3. Beihai Park Zhongshan park表示“公园”“火车站”的名词前。 4. New Years Day Christmas表示节日的名称前不用。但是定冠词却用于表示民族节日的名称前。 5. Its very hot in summer here. / Winter is coming. (o

24、n Friday, May 13th, 2003 in March) / the story took place in the summer of 1965. (in the June of 2003 on the Wednesday of last week)季节、月份、星期的名称前。如果)季节、月份、星期后面带有修饰语，它们前面就得加定冠词。 6. Chairman Mao Teacher Zhang在称呼语、职位或头衔前。 7. We have Chinese, English, Maths and other subjects at school. (for breakfast /

25、lunch, play basketball / volleyball / football / chess / cards)在三餐饭、学科、球类、棋牌之前。 8. Did you come by bus or by ship? / We will go to the park on foot tomorrow. (by air, by ship)在表示交通手段的介词短语中不用。 9. Which way shall we go? / Look this way. / on her way to school当物主代词、疑问代词、指示代词、不定代词用在名词前时。4.使用定冠词和不定冠词的辨析及

26、差异。 1. in front of 在（外部）的前面 in the front of在（内部）的前面 / at table 进餐 at the table 坐在桌子旁边/ in future （从今以后的）将来 in the future（较为遥远的）未来 / three of us我们当中的三个人 the three of us我们三人（共计三人） / next year 第二年 the next year（过去某一时间之后的）第二年 / on earth 究竟 on the earth在地球上 / We are students of Class 6.我们是6班的部分学生。 We are

27、 the students of Class 6. 我们是6班的全体学生。/ go to school 上学 go to the school 到学校去/ turn to the right 向右转 turn right向右转 2. sound 声音（表抽象的概念） a sound 声音（确实听到的声音）/ space 太空、宇宙 a space空间 3. 在每日三餐的名称前，一般不用不定冠词，但如果这些名词前有形容词修饰或指特定的“餐” 时，庆祝某种活动、向某人祝贺、举行的宴会等也可用不定冠词。a big breakfast a good lunch a dinner given to we

28、lcome the new foreign teacher from England. 4. 当两个并列的单数名词同指一个人或物时，后一个名词前不用不定冠词；如： He is a teacher and writer. 如果后一个名词前也用不定冠词，则指两个人或物。如：They are a teacher and a writer.5. 使用定冠词和不定冠词的差异 1. 在序数词前加定冠词，表示“第几”；如：Will you be the first to read the text? 加不定冠词则表示“又、再”如：Will you have a second try? 2. 在有些短语中，用

29、定冠词和不定冠词意思不一样。如： The number of our school students is about 1000. / A number of our school students will go back. number修饰可数名词。6. 1.带有定冠词the的固定词组：in the morning in the afternoon in the evening in the day time by the way in the dark go to the cinema go to the theater on the way in the snow in the sun

30、 at the beginning on the right on the left in the tree from the beginning 2. 带不定冠词a/an的常用词组：have a time take a rest in a word have a try have a walk have a wonderful time 3.不用冠词的短语： go to school, go to college, get home, go home, be at home, stay at home, go to sleep, go to bed, be in bed, on fire,

31、lose heart, learn by heart, from time to time, at night, day by day, day and night, yesterday morning, tomorrow evening, out of class, after class, at last, at first, by bus, by ship, by air, on foot, at work, in hospital, be on show, father and son, husband and wife, mother and child, one by one, step by step, bit by bit, side by side, on duty, in return, for example, in fact Numeral数词：表示数字、数目和顺序次第的词。1)书写：基数词的构成形式：基数词112无规律可循。从1319，其中多数是在基数词后加-teen，但应特别注意13、15和18的拼法；从2090的整十位数词均是在基数词后加-ty，但要特别注意20、30、40、50、80的拼法。另外，表示“几十几“的基数词是由十位数词和个位数词合成，十位数和个位数之间需要用连字符号”“。百位以上的单位是千，