英语听力教程第三版张民伦主编Unit 6 Find the Right Words听力原文.docx

1、英语听力教程第三版张民伦主编Unit 6 Find the Right Words听力原文Listen this way听力教程第三册-6Unit 6 Find the Right Words Part I Getting ready Audioscript: The English language can be traced back to prehistoric Indo-European through the West Germanic line. However, many other influences have shaped the development of Modern

2、 English. We will review some important dates in the history of the English language. The first three are Latin influences: 1. In 5,5 B.C. Caesar conquered Britain and the Celtic people. 2. In 43. B.C. Rome colonized the island. 3. The Romans remained for 400 years (the first four centuries of the C

3、hristian Era). The next significant dates were: 4. The year 499 (which was the year of the Anglo-Saxon conquest of the island). 5. From 500 on, the West Germanic language was the basic language of Britain (or England). Influences from other languages continued however. 6. In the sixth and seventh ce

4、nturies England was Christianized by missionaries sent by the Pope (so that Latin influence continued). Then, 7. In the eig11th and ninth centuries the Norsemen (Vikings), invaded England with their Old Norse language. 8. In 1066. the Norman Conquest brought French linguistic influence. 9. The Frenc

5、h influence continued for 300 years (the ninth century through the 11th century). 10. And finally, in the fifteen and sixteen hundreds, when classical learning was revived, there was continued Latin language influence. Audioscript: 1. People are delighted if you can speak their language, and they do

6、nt care how well you speak it. They are not upset when you make mistakes. I think in order to learn, you mustnt be afraid of making mistakes. 2. Im a very shy person and its not easy for me to talk to strangers. But you have to force yourself to talk to people. Thats what I did and it really helped

7、me. 3. I think the best language learners are people with a sense of humor. Try to laugh at your own mistakes and dont take yourself too seriously. Youll find that other people will be sympathetic when you make mistakes. 4. I took two courses in business studies. I read, studied, listened to lecture

8、s and took notes in English. It was a very good experience for me because I didnt have time to think about the language. I recommend forgetting about the grammar and thinking about the meaning instead. 5. In my experience, learning a foreign language always involves a lot of time, a lot of boring wo

9、rk and lots of problems! In short, if you want to learn another language you have to work hard. 6. Try to read as much as you can. I think thats the best way to improve your English and to learn more new words. I always try to read something in English everyday. Part II Skills to communicate bad new

10、s Audioscript: Avi Arditti：Im Avi Arditti with Rosanne Skirble, and this week on Wordmaster: giving doctors better skills to communicate bad news. Rosanne Skirble：Anthony Back is a medical oncologist at the University of Washington and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle. He and fo

11、ur colleagues are in the fifth year leading a program funded with one and one-half million dollars from the National Cancer Institute. Avi Arditti：Doctor Back says specially trained actors play cancer patients to help oncologists learn how to avoid sounding insensitive when the prognosis is grim. An

12、thony Back：Probably the biggest misconception I face is that youre either born with this or youre not. In fact, what the research shows is that people learn to do this over time. And the way they learn to do it is they see good role models, they practice, they get specific feedback on what theyre do

13、ing, they try-out new things, they innovate and develop new conversational practices for themselves. Avi Arditti：Can you give us some examples of those conversational practices - what are some ways to impart bad news? Anthony Back：Heres an example: The patient has had cancer in the past, has been do

14、ing well and is coming in for some routine follow-up tests. The routine follow-up tests unexpectedly show the cancer has started to come back. The doctor will typically go in and say to the patient, Guess what, your cancers back. And the patient will be just blown away, right? There are a couple of

15、practices there that doctors can do that can help. One is to start with - especially if you dont know the patient - asking what the patient expected, what did they understand about their cancer, what were they expecting with this test. Because if the patient says to you You know, they didnt tell me

16、anything. Im just here because I got this appointment in the mail, thats one whole kind of comprehension level. Whereas if the patient says I had a Tl Nl MO lung cancer and they told me I had a fifty-five percent chance of disease recurrence in the next two years, thats a whole different story, righ

17、t? The second thing is that after you give this difficult news, then I think its really important to address both the cognitive reaction and also the kind of the emotional side of it. Rosanne Skirble： What are some of the phrases or the ways in which you can couch this news? Anthony Back：You know, t

18、he way to make it easier is to make sure that you are going from the context the patient drew for you. So you go from what the patient understands and you try to use their words as much as possible. And then, when you get to the really bad part of the news, I think its actually important to be direc

19、t and concrete and not to couch the news. Its better to say The cancer has come back than to say There are hypo-densities in your liver on the CT (or) You have a malignancy. All those euphemisms force patients to struggle to understand whats happening to them, and it adds to their confusion and dist

20、ress. Rosanne Skirble: ：Well, should they say things like I wish things were different or I hope for the best, or should a doctor kind of maintain a distance? Anthony Back：You know, my thought about that actually is that the more skilled the physician, the less they have to distance themselves. Ther

21、e are some phrases that we use, and the most important ones are really the ones that are about empathy for the patient. You know, I see this is a difficult situation, I see this is not what you expected, Im hoping for the best. And I think its fine for doctors to talk about hope, and I think its imp

22、ortant actually. AviArditti：Let me ask you, have you seen any cultural differences come up in the training programs as youve had doctors go through? Anthony Back：You know, we have actually a very multicultural group of physicians who come, and they all bring in all their own different values about h

23、ow frank should people be. Because the American standard, of course, is that patients themselves get all the information, they make the decision themselves, and theres this very strong emphasis on autonomy. And in a lot of other cultures thats really not the case. Rosanne Skirble：And what got you st

24、arted in the first place? Anthony Back：What got me started was, when I was an oncology trainee, and this was after a personal experience - my mother had died of a pre-leukemia kind of thing - I remember walking around in the bone-marrow transplant wards with this experienced - it was this other, old

25、er senior physician - going around having these life-and-death conversations with patients and thinking, God, there has got to be a better way to do this. Avi Arditti：The result, says Doctor Anthony Back in Seattle, is a program that has now trained about one hundred-eighty oncologists at retreats h

26、eld twice a year. The program Web site is oncotalk.info - thats o-n-c-o-t-a-l-k dot i-n-f-o. Part III Foreign accents Audioscript: Section I As far as Im concerned, I do tend to judge people I meet by their accents. I dont mean that Im a sort of snob, and only like people with posh accents, but I ne

27、ver feel comfortable with a new person until Ive been able to place them from the way they speak. If its an English person, I feel much more at ease if I can say Ah, he comes form Liverpool, or Hes probably been to public school. I suppose then I know what to talk about and what to expect from the o

28、ther person. The same is true of foreigners. Personally, I prefer a foreigner to speak with a recognizable foreign accent, so that I know that Im talking to a Frenchman, a Ghanaian, a Pole, and so on. So for me, it seems a bit pointless for foreigners to try desperately hard to get rid of their nati

29、onal accent and try to speak BBC English. If someone is clearly French, I know theres no point in talking about cricket or making jokes about the Irish. And frankly, I think it even sounds more attractive. I cant really explain why, but if a person has a foreign accent, they seem to be more interest

30、ing, even if they are saying the most ordinary things. Audioscript: Section II Mind you, there is a limit to intelligibility. If the accent is so strong that you have a struggle to understand what they are saying, then that gets in the way of the conversation, and the flow is broken while you try to

31、 sort out the sounds into meaningful bits. I dont mean an accent as strong as that. Im talking about the kind of accent where you can tell immediately which country the person comes from, but where theyve got enough English to carry on a good conversation without searching for words, or messing up t

32、he grammar so that you lose the thread. I suppose its the kind of accent most foreigners have, really. To be honest, its only a very few who have such a good ear that they produce more or less genuine British English, and even then it can be quite amusing because they may have picked up a clearly regional accent, or even a very upper-class accent which doesnt fit in with their character at all. But most foreigners who learn English are desperately keen to get rid of their foreign accents and waste a lot of time try