必修一单元语法.docx

1、必修一单元语法Unit 1 单元语法直接引语如何变间接引语1、如何变人称下面有一句顺口溜“一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新”。“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或第一人称所修饰，从句中的人称要按照主句中的人称变化。如：She said, “My brother wants to go with me.” She said her brother wanted to go with her.“二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称或被第二人称所修饰，从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如：He said to Kate, “How is

2、your sister now?” He said to Kate how her sister was then.“第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰，从句中的人称一般不需要变化。如：Mr. Smith said, “Jack is a good worker.” Mr. Smith said Jack was a good worker.2、如何变时态直接引语在改为间接引语时，时态需要做相应的调整。一般情况下，现在时需改为过去时态；过去时态改为完成时；过去完成时则保留原来的时态。如：(1) She said, “I have los

3、t a pen.” She said she had lost a pen.(2) She said, “We hope so.” She said they hoped so.(3) She said, “He will go to see his friend.” She said he would go to see his friend.但要注意在以下几种情况下，直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一般不变化。1直接引语是客观真理。如： “The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth.” the teach

4、er told me. The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth.2直接引语如果是一般现在时，表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变为间接引语，时态不变。如： He said, “I get up at six every morning.” He said he gets up at six every morning.3直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变，如： Jack said, “John, where were you going when I met you

5、in the street?” Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street.4如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式（例：ought to, had better, used to）和已经是过去时的形式时（例：could, should, would, might）不再变。如： Peter said, “You had better come here today.” Peter said I had better go there that day.三、如何变指示代词、时间状语、地点 状语和动词的变化。

6、（参考必修一P88）四、如何变句型（1）直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由that 引导的宾语从句。如： She said, “Our bus will arrive in five minutes.” She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes.（2）直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether 或 if 引导的宾语从句。如： He said, “Can you swim, John?” He asked John if he could swim. “You have finished t

7、he homework, havent you?” My mother asked. My mother asked me whether I had finished the homework. “Do you go to school by bus or by bike?” He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike.（3）直接引语如果是特殊疑问句，间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句（宾语从句必须用陈述句语序）。如：She asked me, “When do they have their dinner?”She a

8、sked me when they had their dinner. 直接引语与间接引语语法练习1、将下列句子改为间接引语1. “You should be more careful next time.” his father said to him. 2. Mr. Wang said, “I will leave for Shanghai on business next month, children.” 3. “I havent heard from my parents these days.” said Mary. 4. The geography teachers said t

9、o us, “Light travels much faster than sound.” 5. She said to him, “Its time that you leave here.” 6. Zhang Hong said to me, “Doctor Wang passed away in 1948.” 7. John said to his parents, “I had learned 500 Chinese words by the end of last term.” 8. The history teacher said to them, “The Chinese Com

10、munist Party was founded on July 1st, 1921.” 9. He said, “Are you a student?” 10. “Have you anything interesting I can read, George?” she said. 11. “Shes here to ask for help, isnt she?” he asked. 12. “Where are you going?” the father asked his son. 13. “Weve lived here for two years.” he told me. 1

11、4. “Im going to Beijing tomorrow.” my sister said to me. 15. “Whats wrong with you, Granny?” the doctor asked. 16. I asked my brother, “Shall we go to the Summer Palace next week?” 2、把下列间接引语改为直接引语。1. She told me that she would finish the work the next week.2. The teacher asked if we understood him.3

12、. She asked me what I thought of the film I had seen the week before.4. She asked me what I thought of the film I had seen the week before.5. I wondered whether they could finish the work in time.Unit 3 单元语法现在进行时表示将来的用法When are you leaving?How are you going to.?When are you arriving in/at.?Where are

13、 you staying?How long are you staying in.?When are you coming back?以上句子中，谓语动词都用了现在进行时，这些现在进行时并不表示现在进行时的动作，而是表示按计划将要发生的事。1. 用现在进行时表示将来，指的是近期的、按计划或安排要发生的动作；通常带一个表将来的时间状语，但有明确的上下文时无须指出时间。这种结构中常用动作动词或去向动词有：go, come, leave, arrive, give, return, sleep, stay, play, do, take, get, travel, fly, drive, walk,

14、 reach, meet.等，不适用于状语动词。例如：How many of you are coming to the party tonight? 你们中多少人要来参加今晚的派对？The young scholar is returning from Canada next week. 那个青年学者下周要从加拿大回国。The performance is starting soon. 演出很快就要开始了。2. 在现代英语中，一般能事先计划、安排的动作，都可以用现在进行时表示将来。例如：Im writing a letter to one of the book, hes having a

15、rest tomorrow.由于他已写完了这本书的大部分，明天他要休息一下。例题：-Are you still busy?-Yes, I _ my work, and it wont take long.A. just finish B. am just finishing C. have just finished D. was just finishing将来时的其他用法1. be going to do be to do 表示“将来” be about to do be doing will/shall doUnit 4-5 单元语法高中定语从句讲解在复合句中充当定语的从句叫定语从句。定

16、语从句的作用相当于形容词，用来修饰主句中的某一名词或代词或整个主句，所以，也称作形容词性从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词两种。关系词在定语从句中有三大作用：1. 连接作用连接先行词和定语从句。I gave her all the money that I had. 我把我所有的钱都给了她。（that 连接先特词 money和定语从句I had）2. 替代作用在定语从句中替代从句所修饰的先行词。The man who lives nest door is a famous teach

17、er. 住在隔壁的那个人是个名师。（who 替代the man）3. 成分作用在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语或状语。I like pictures which are painted in the traditional Chinese style. 我喜欢传统的中国画。（which在定语从句中作主语）定语从句三步：第一找出先行词；第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能（做主语、宾语或状语）；第三选择合适的关系词。一、关系代词引导的定语从句引导定语从句的关系代词主要有who, whom, whose, which, that等。它们分别代替前面的先行词，并在定语从句中作主语、宾语或定语。AWho（

18、指人，在定语从句中作主语。）What was the name of the man who lent you the money?借钱给你的那人叫什么名字？（定语从句修饰先行词the man）He who laughs last laughs best. 谁笑到最后谁笑得最好。（定语从句修饰先行词he） The chairman of the meeting, who spoke first, sat on my right.会议主席坐在我右边，他先发言。（定语从句修饰先行词the chairman）BWhom（指人，在定语从句中做宾语。）The people whom/who I work

19、 with are all friendly.和我一起工作的人都很友好。（定语从句修饰先行词the people）Mr. Carter, whom I spoke to on the phone last night, is very interested in our plan.Mr. Carter, to whom I spoke on the phone last night, is very interested in our plan.昨晚我在电话里和卡特先生交谈过，他对我们的计划很感兴趣。（非限制性定语从句中不能用who代替whom）Two men, neither of whom

20、 I had ever seen before, came into my office.两个人来到我的办公室，我以前从未见过他们。（在介词后面不用who）CWhose（人、物皆可，做定语，后面要紧跟被修饰的名词，先行词和后面的名词之间往往是从属关系。）There are some people whose faces you can never forget.有些人，他们的脸你永远难以忘怀。（定语从句修饰先行词people）I saw some trees whose leaves were black because of the polluted air.我看见一些树的树叶由于空气污染而

21、发黑。（定语从句修饰行词trees）DWhich1指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语。做宾语时常可省略。English is a language which is easy to learn.英语是一门容易学的语言。（which在定语从句中作主语，不能省略）The children like cookies (which) my wife makes.孩子们喜欢我夫人做的饼干。(关系代词which作makes的宾语，可以省略)2which引导的非限制性定语从句可以修饰前面的整个主句，相当于and this。Jim passed his driving test, which surprised

22、everybody.吉姆通过了驾驶考试，这使大家都感到惊讶。（定语从句修饰的是整个主句，而不是the driving test）Sheila couldnt come to the party, which was a pity.希拉不能来参加聚会，真遗憾。（定语从句修饰的是整个主句，而不是the party）3which在非限制性定语从句中有时也可以作定语。John stayed here for a week, during which time we visited the West Lake together.约翰在这里呆了一星期，在此期间我们一起游了西湖。It might snow

23、this weekend, in which case we wont go to Beijing.周末可能下雪，在这种情况下，我们就不去北京了。EThat（指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which。）在定语从句中作主语或宾语（做宾语时常可省略）。He is the man that lives next door.他就是住在隔壁的那个人。（定语从句修饰先行词the man，作主语）I dont like stories that have unhappy endings.我不喜欢结尾悲伤的故事。（定语从句修饰先行词stories，作主语）The dress (that) A

24、nn bought doesnt fit her very well.安买的衣服不太合身。（定语从句修饰先行词the dress，that作宾语可省略）Is there anything (that) I can do for you?有我能为你效劳的事吗？（定语从句修饰先行词anything，that作宾语，可省略）提示：在口语中，that有时还可以作关系副词，相当于when或 介词+which 结构。We left the day (that) he arrived. 他来的那一天，我们就走了。（that替when）He doesnt see things the way (that) w

25、e see them. 他看问题的方法和我们不一样。（that代替in which）Imagine the speed (that) he drives his car! 很难想象，他开车的速度那么快！（that代替at which）F其他关系代词Asas可以在限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句中作主语或宾语。 在限制性定语从句中，as可跟在由such, so, the same修饰的先行词之后。Such men as heard him were deeply moved.听过他说话的人，都会深受感动。（as在定语从句中作heard的主语）Ive never heard such storie

26、s as he tells.我从未听过像他讲的这样的故事。（as在定语从句中作tell的宾语）He lifted so heavy a stone as no one else can lift.他搬起别人都搬不起的大石头。（as在定语从句中lift的宾语）比较：在the same as结构中，as也可用that代替。但严格地说，the same as强调相同，the same that注重同一。She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore.她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的衣裙。（as指的是与先行词相似的同类事物）She wore the sa

27、me dress that she wore at Marys wedding.她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。（that指的是与先行词同一事物） 在非限制性定语从句中，as可代表主句整个句子，引导的定语从句可以放在主句之前或主句之后，一般用逗号与主句分开。As everyone knows, Taiwan belongs to China.众所周知，台湾属于中国的领土。He is from the south, as we can know from his accent.他是南方人，这一点我们从他的口音可以知道。必背：一些由as引导的定语从句常位于句首，已形成了固定的说法。as i

28、s known to all 这是众所周知的 as may be imagined 这可以想象得出as has been said before 如前所说 as has been pointed out 正如已经指出的那样 as is often the case 情况常常如此 as often happens 这种情况常常发生G介词+关系代词引导的定语从句介词+关系代词引导的定语从句是一种非常常见但也比较复杂的定语从句结构。1. 介词+关系代词中介词的位置关系代词whom, which在从句中作介词宾语时，可以跟介词一起放在从句与主句之间（that, who不可以），也可以把介词放在从句中有

29、关动词的后面，使关系代词紧跟它所修饰的先行词。He is a man of rich experience, from whom much can be learned.= He is a man of rich experience, whom much can be learned from.他是个经验丰富的人，从他那儿可以学到很多。The school in which he once worked is a key school.=The school (which that) he once worked in is a key school.他曾经工作过的学校是一所重点学校。The

30、 manager in whose company I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions. =The manager whose company Im working in pays much attention to improving our working conditions.我就职的那家公司经理十分注意改善我们的工作条件。2介词+关系代词的常见结构介词+which whomThis is the famous singer about whom we have often talked.这就是那位

31、我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家。Fortunately we had a map, without which we would have got lost.很幸运，我们带了一张地图，如没有的话，我们就会迷路了。名词+of+ which /whomPlease pass me the book the cover of which is blue. 请把那本蓝封面的书递给我。（也可用whose cover）数词+of+ which /whomShes got three lucky pens, two of which she never uses.她有三只幸运笔，其中两只从未用过。代词+of+ which /whomIn the basket I find many apples, some of which have gone bad.我发现篮子里有好些苹果，有些已经坏了。There are fifty studen