APA格式原文参考.docx

1、APA格式原文参考APA Citation StyleAPA citationstylerefers tothe rulesand conventions establishedby the American PsychologicalAssociation for documenting sources used in a research paper. APA style requires both in-textcitations and a reference list. For every in-text citation there should be a full citatio

2、n inthe reference list and vice versa.The examples of APA styles and formats listed on this page include many of the most common typesof sourcesused inacademic research.For additionalexamples and more detailed informationaboutAPA citation style, refer to thePublication Manual of the American Psychol

3、ogicalAssociationand the APA Style Guide to Electronic References.Also, for automatic generation of citations in appropriate citation style, use a bibliographiccitationmanagement programsuch asRefworks orEndNote. You can find more informationon thisin ourCitation Managementpage.Reference Citations i

4、n TextIn APA style, in-text citations are placed within sentences and paragraphs so that it is clear what information is being quoted or paraphrased and whose information is being cited.Examples:Works by a single authorThe last name of the author and the year of publication are inserted in the text

5、at the appropriatepoint.from theory on bounded rationality (Simon, 1945)If the name of the author or the date appear as part of the narrative, cite only missing informationin parentheses.Simon (1945) posited thatWorks by multiple authorsWhen a work has two authors, always cite both names every time

6、the reference occurs in the text.In parenthetical material join the names with an ampersand (&).as has been shown (Leiter & Maslach, 1998)In the narrative text, join the names with the word and.as Leiter and Maslach (1998) demonstratedWhen a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors th

7、e first time the reference occurs.Kahneman, Knetsch, and Thaler (1991) foundIn all subsequent citations per paragraph, include only the surname of the first author followedby et al. (Latin for and others) and the year of publication.Kahneman et al. (1991) foundWorks by associations, corporations, go

8、vernment agencies, etc.The names of groups that serve as authors (corporate authors) are usually written out each time they appear in a text reference.(National Institute of Mental Health NIMH, 2007)When appropriate, the names of some corporate authors are spelled out in the first reference andabbre

9、viated in all subsequent citations. The general rule for abbreviating in this manner is tosupply enough information in the text citation for a reader to locate its source in the ReferenceList without difficulty.(NIMH, 2007)Works with no authorWhen a work has no author, use the first two or three wor

10、ds of the works title (omitting any initial articles) as your text reference, capitalizing each word. Place the title in quotationmarks if it refers to an article, chapter of a book, or Web page. Italicize the title if it refers to a book, periodical, brochure, or report.on climate change (Climate a

11、nd Weather, 1997)Guide to Agricultural Meteorological Practices(1981)Anonymous authors should be listed as such followed by a comma and the date.on climate change (Anonymous, 2008)Specific parts of a sourceTo citea specificpartofa source(alwaysnecessaryforquotations),include thepage, chapter,etc. (w

12、ith appropriate abbreviations) in the in-text citation.(Stigter & Das, 1981, p. 96)De Waal (1996) overstated the case when he asserted that we seem to bereaching . from the hands of philosophers (p. 218).If page numbers are not included in electronic sources (such as Web-based journals), paragraph n

13、umber preceded by the abbreviation para. or the heading and following paragraph.provide the(M? nnich & Spiering, 2008, para. 9)Reference ListReferencescitedinthetextof a researchpapermust appear ina ReferenceListorbibliography.This list provides the information necessary to identify and retrieve eac

14、h source.Order:Entriesshould be arranged inalphabeticalorderby authors lastnames. Sourceswithout authors are arranged alphabetically by title within the same list.Authors:Writeoutthe lastname and initialsforallauthorsofa particularwork.Usean ampersand (&)insteadof the word andwhen listingmultipleaut

15、horsofa singlework. . Smith,J. D., & Jones, M.Titles:Capitalizeonly thefirstword of a titleor subtitle,and any propernames thatare part of a title.Pagination:Use the abbreviation p. or pp. to designate page numbers of articles fromperiodicals that do not use volume numbers, especially newspapers. Th

16、ese abbreviations are alsoused to designate pages in encyclopedia articles and chapters from edited books.Indentation*:The first line of the entry is flush with the left margin, and allsubsequent lines are indented (5 to 7 spaces) to form a hanging indent.Underlining vs. Italics*:It is appropriate t

17、o use italics instead of underlining fortitles of books and journals.Two additional pieces of information should be included for works accessed online.InternetAddress*:A stableInternetaddress shouldbe includedand shoulddirectthereader as closeas possibleto the actualwork.Ifthework has a digitalobjec

18、tidentifier(DOI),use this. If there is no DOI or similar handle, use a stable URL. If the URL is not stable, asis often thecase with onlinenewspapers and some subscription-baseddatabases,use thehome pageof the site you retrieved the work from.Date:Ifthework isa finalizedversionpublishedand dated,as

19、inthecase ofa journalarticle, the date within the main body of the citation is enough. However, if the work is notdated and/or issubject to change,as in thecase of anonline encyclopediaarticle, includethedate that you retrieved the information.*The APAhas specialformattingstandardsforthe use ofinden

20、tationand italicsinmanuscriptsorpapers thatwillbe typesetorsubmittedfor officialpublication.For more detailedinformationon these publication standards, refer to thePublication Manual of the American PsychologicalAssociation, or consult with your instructors or editors to determine their style prefer

21、ences.*See theAPA StyleGuide toElectronicReferencesforinformationon how toformatURLs thattake up more than one line.Examples:Articles in journals, magazines, and newspapersReferences to periodical articles must include the following elements: author(s), date ofpublication, article title, journal tit

22、le, volume number, issue number (if applicable), and pagenumbers.Journal article, one author, accessed onlineKu, G. (2008). Learning to de-escalate: The effects of regret inescalation of commitment.Organizational Behavior and Human DecisionProcesses,105(2), 221-232. doi:Journal article, two authors,

23、 accessed onlineSanchez, D.,& King-Toler,E. (2007).Addressingdisparitiesconsultationand outreachstrategiesforuniversitysettings.Consulting PsychologyJournal: Practice and Research,59(4), 286-295. doi:1065-Journal article, more than two authors, accessed onlineVan Vugt, M., Hogan, R.,& Kaiser, R. B.

24、(2008).Leadership,followership,and evolution: Some lessons from the past.AmericanPsychologist,63(3), 182-196. doi:Article from an Internet-only journalHirtle, P. B. (2008,July-August).Copyrightrenewal, copyrightrestoration,and the difficulty of determining copyright status.D-LibMagazine14,(7/8). doi

25、:july2008-hirtleJournal article from a subscription database (no DOI)Colvin, G. (2008, July 21). Information worth ,158(2), 73-79. Retrievedfrom Business Source Complete, EBSCO. Retrieved fromMagazine article, in printKluger, J. (2008, January 28). Why we love.Time171,(4), 54-60.Newspaper article, n

26、o author, in printAs prices surge, Thailand pitches OPEC-style rice cartel. (2008, May5). TheWall Street Journal , p. A9.Newspaper article, multiple authors, discontinuous pages, in printDelaney, K. J., Karnitschnig, M., & Guth, R. A. (2008, May 5). Microsoft endspursuit of Yahoo, reassesses its onl

27、ine options. The Wall Street Journal ,pp. A1, A12.BooksReferences to an entire book must include the following elements: author(s) or editor(s), date of publication, title, place of publication, and the name of the publisher.No Author or editor, in printMerriam-Websters collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2003). Springfield, MA:Merriam- Webster.One author, in printKidder, T. (1981). The soul of a new machine . Boston, MA: Little, Brown &Company.Two authors, in printFrank, R. H., & Bernanke, B. (2007). Principles of macro-economics (3rded.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.Corporate author, auth