APA格式原文参考.docx

APA格式原文参考.docx

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APA格式原文参考

APACitationStyle

APAcitation

style

refersto

therules

andconventionsestablished

bytheAmericanPsychological

Associationfordocumentingsourcesusedinaresearchpaper.APAstylerequiresbothin-text

citationsandareferencelist.Foreveryin-textcitationthereshouldbeafullcitationin

thereferencelistandviceversa.

TheexamplesofAPAstylesandformatslistedonthispageincludemanyofthemostcommontypes

ofsources

usedin

academicresearch.

Foradditional

examplesandmoredetailedinformation

about

APAcitationstyle,refertothe

PublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychological

Association

andtheAPAStyleGuidetoElectronicReferences

.

Also,forautomaticgenerationofcitationsinappropriatecitationstyle,useabibliographic

citation

managementprogram

suchas

Refworksor

EndNote.Youcanfindmoreinformation

onthis

inour

CitationManagement

page.

ReferenceCitationsinText

InAPAstyle,in-textcitationsareplacedwithinsentencesandparagraphssothatitisclearwhatinformationisbeingquotedorparaphrasedandwhoseinformationisbeingcited.

Examples:

Worksbyasingleauthor

Thelastnameoftheauthorandtheyearofpublicationareinsertedinthetextattheappropriate

point.

fromtheoryonboundedrationality（Simon,1945）

Ifthenameoftheauthororthedateappearaspartofthenarrative,citeonlymissinginformation

inparentheses.

Simon（1945）positedthat

Worksbymultipleauthors

Whenaworkhastwoauthors,alwayscitebothnameseverytimethereferenceoccursinthetext.

Inparentheticalmaterialjointhenameswithanampersand（&）.

ashasbeenshown（Leiter&Maslach,1998）

Inthenarrativetext,jointhenameswiththeword"and."

asLeiterandMaslach（1998）demonstrated

Whenaworkhasthree,four,orfiveauthors,citeallauthorsthefirsttimethereferenceoccurs.

Kahneman,Knetsch,andThaler（1991）found

Inallsubsequentcitationsperparagraph,includeonlythesurnameofthefirstauthorfollowed

by"etal."（Latinfor"andothers"）andtheyearofpublication.

Kahnemanetal.（1991）found

Worksbyassociations,corporations,governmentagencies,etc.

Thenamesofgroupsthatserveasauthors（corporateauthors）areusuallywrittenouteachtimetheyappearinatextreference.

（NationalInstituteofMentalHealth[NIMH],2007）

Whenappropriate,thenamesofsomecorporateauthorsarespelledoutinthefirstreferenceand

abbreviatedinallsubsequentcitations.Thegeneralruleforabbreviatinginthismanneristo

supplyenoughinformationinthetextcitationforareadertolocateitssourceintheReference

Listwithoutdifficulty.

（NIMH,2007）

Workswithnoauthor

Whenaworkhasnoauthor,usethefirsttwoorthreewordsofthework'stitle（omittinganyinitialarticles）asyourtextreference,capitalizingeachword.Placethetitleinquotation

marksifitreferstoanarticle,chapterofabook,orWebpage.Italicizethetitleifitreferstoabook,periodical,brochure,orreport.

onclimatechange（"ClimateandWeather,"1997）

GuidetoAgriculturalMeteorologicalPractices

（1981）

Anonymousauthorsshouldbelistedassuchfollowedbyacommaandthedate.

onclimatechange（Anonymous,2008）

Specificpartsofasource

Tocite

aspecific

part

of

asource

（always

necessary

for

quotations）,

includethe

page,chapter,

etc.（withappropriateabbreviations）inthein-textcitation.

（Stigter&Das,1981,p.96）

DeWaal（1996）overstatedthecasewhenheassertedthat"weseemtobe

reaching...fromthehandsofphilosophers"（p.218）.

Ifpagenumbersarenotincludedinelectronicsources（suchasWeb-basedjournals）,paragraphnumberprecededbytheabbreviation"para."ortheheadingandfollowingparagraph.

providethe

（M?

nnich&Spiering,2008,para.9）

ReferenceList

References

cited

in

the

text

ofaresearch

paper

mustappearin

aReference

List

or

bibliography.

Thislistprovidestheinformationnecessarytoidentifyandretrieveeachsource.

Order:

Entries

shouldbearrangedin

alphabetical

order

byauthors'last

names.Sources

withoutauthorsarearrangedalphabeticallybytitlewithinthesamelist.

Authors:

Write

out

thelast

nameandinitials

for

all

authors

of

aparticular

work.

Use

anampersand（&）

instead

oftheword"and"

whenlisting

multiple

authors

of

asingle

work..Smith,

J.D.,&Jones,M.

Titles:

Capitalize

onlythe

first

wordofatitle

orsubtitle,

andanyproper

namesthat

arepartofatitle.

Pagination:

Usetheabbreviationp.orpp.todesignatepagenumbersofarticlesfrom

periodicalsthatdonotusevolumenumbers,especiallynewspapers.Theseabbreviationsarealso

usedtodesignatepagesinencyclopediaarticlesandchaptersfromeditedbooks.

Indentation*:

Thefirstlineoftheentryisflushwiththeleftmargin,andall

subsequentlinesareindented（5to7spaces）toforma"hangingindent".

Underliningvs.Italics*:

Itisappropriatetouseitalicsinsteadofunderliningfor

titlesofbooksandjournals.

Twoadditionalpiecesofinformationshouldbeincludedforworksaccessedonline.

Internet

Address**:

Astable

Internet

addressshould

beincluded

andshould

direct

the

readerasclose

aspossible

totheactual

work.

If

the

workhasadigital

object

identifier

（DOI）,

usethis.IfthereisnoDOIorsimilarhandle,useastableURL.IftheURLisnotstable,as

isoftenthe

casewithonline

newspapersandsomesubscription-based

databases,

usethe

homepage

ofthesiteyouretrievedtheworkfrom.

Date:

If

the

workis

afinalized

version

published

anddated,

asin

the

caseof

ajournal

article,thedatewithinthemainbodyofthecitationisenough.However,iftheworkisnot

datedand/oris

subjecttochange,

asinthe

caseofan

onlineencyclopedia

article,include

the

datethatyouretrievedtheinformation.

*

TheAPAhasspecial

formatting

standards

for

theuseof

indentation

anditalics

in

manuscripts

or

papersthat

will

betypeset

or

submitted

forofficial

publication.

Formoredetailed

information

onthesepublicationstandards,refertothe

PublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychological

Association

orconsultwithyourinstructorsoreditorstodeterminetheirstylepreferences.

**

Seethe

APAStyle

Guideto

Electronic

References

for

information

onhowto

format

URLsthat

takeupmorethanoneline.

Examples:

Articlesinjournals,magazines,andnewspapers

Referencestoperiodicalarticlesmustincludethefollowingelements:

author（s）,dateof

publication,articletitle,journaltitle,volumenumber,issuenumber（ifapplicable）,andpage

numbers.

Journalarticle,oneauthor,accessedonline

Ku,G.（2008）.Learningtode-escalate:

Theeffectsofregretin

escalationofcommitment.

OrganizationalBehaviorandHumanDecision

Processes

105

（2）,221-232.doi:

Journalarticle,twoauthors,accessedonline

Sanchez,D.,

&King-Toler,

E.（2007）.

Addressing

disparities

consultation

andoutreach

strategies

for

university

settings.

ConsultingPsychology

Journal:

PracticeandResearch

59

（4）,286-295.doi:

1065-

Journalarticle,morethantwoauthors,accessedonline

VanVugt,M.,Hogan,R.,

&Kaiser,R.B.（2008）.

Leadership,

followership,

andevolution:

Somelessonsfromthepast.

American

Psychologist

63

（3）,182-196.doi:

ArticlefromanInternet-onlyjournal

Hirtle,P.B.（2008,

July-August）.

Copyright

renewal,copyright

restoration,

andthedifficultyofdeterminingcopyrightstatus.

D-Lib

Magazine

14

（7/8）.doi:

july2008-hirtle

Journalarticlefromasubscriptiondatabase（noDOI）

Colvin,G.（2008,July21）.Informationworth,

158

（2）,73-79.Retrieved

fromBusinessSourceComplete,EBSCO.Retrievedfrom

Magazinearticle,inprint

Kluger,J.（2008,January28）.Whywelove.

Time

171

（4）,54-60.

Newspaperarticle,noauthor,inprint

Aspricessurge,ThailandpitchesOPEC-stylericecartel.（2008,May5）.The

WallStreetJournal,p.A9.

Newspaperarticle,multipleauthors,discontinuouspages,inprint

Delaney,K.J.,Karnitschnig,M.,&Guth,R.A.（2008,May5）.Microsoftends

pursuitofYahoo,reassessesitsonlineoptions.TheWallStreetJournal,

pp.A1,A12.

Books

Referencestoanentirebookmustincludethefollowingelements:

author（s）oreditor（s）,dateofpublication,title,placeofpublication,andthenameofthepublisher.

NoAuthororeditor,inprint

Merriam-Webster'scollegiatedictionary（11thed.）.（2003）.Springfield,MA:

Merriam-Webster.

Oneauthor,inprint

Kidder,T.（1981）.Thesoulofanewmachine.Boston,MA:

Little,Brown&

Company.

Twoauthors,inprint

Frank,R.H.,&Bernanke,B.（2007）.Principlesofmacro-economics（3rd

ed.）.Boston,MA:

McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Corporateauthor,auth