完整版文体学课堂总结.docx

1、完整版文体学课堂总结Brief Summary of StylisticsGeneralStylisticsis the sciencewhich exploreshow readers interact with the languages oftexts in order to explain how weunderstand and are affected by texts whenwe read them. The stylistic mainly通述 concerns about the examination of文体学是为一门教我们怎么更好的grammar, lexis, se

2、mantics, as well as使用语言的一门学科，主要关注语法，phonological properties and discursive词汇，语义，语音特征和表达手段。devices. Its developing and not come文体学目前是不完善的，处于发展阶to maturity now.段。According to different standards,thestylistics mainly divide into two majortypes ：linguistic stylistics and literarystylistics. And there ar

3、e many school ofstylistics such as lingvo-stylistics,literarystylistics, applied stylistics, contrastive根据不同的标准，文体学分为两大stylistics, applied stylistics and so on.类：普通文体学和文学文体学 .并且文体学有许多不同的学派，如形式文体In the basic notions of stylistics, the学，话语文体学，文学文体学，应用文体学，社会文体学，认知文体学，related Prague School of the early比

4、较文体学等。twentieth century. In the early twentiethcentury, the famous person of stylistics isCharles Bally and in the late twentiethcentury is Roman Jakobson.在文体学的基本概念中，值得注意的是表达方式和文体手段。expressive means and the stylistic devices表达方式是表述特定内容所使用的特should be noticed. Expressive means of定的语言方法，手段。文体手段为达the la

5、nguage are units of different成特定的艺术效果所普遍认可的特定languagelevels:phonetic, morphological,组合。 word-building, syntactic, lexical,phraseological,which serve the purposeof logical and emotional intensification ofthe utterances. A stylistic device is ageneralized pattern, which activates aconscious and intent

6、ional intensificationof a certain property of a languageunit,designed to achieve a particular artisticeffect.文体学起源于古老的经典修辞学，Stylistics origins from the ancient特别是亚里士多德的修辞论 .但现代文classicalrhetoric, especiallythe rhetoric体学起源于俄罗斯的形式主义和 20世of Aristotle. But the modern stylistics纪早期的相关的布拉格学派。 20 世纪roots

7、in Russian Formalism and the早期的代表人物是法国的巴特利， 20 at least the Middle Kingdom period .The世纪晚期的则是罗曼雅各布森。Egyptians held eloquent speaking in highesteem, and it was a skill that had a veryhigh value in their society.It is clear that the Stylistics has much文体学和修辞学密不可分。修辞，contacts with Rhetoric,.Rhetoric is

8、 the art是依据题旨情景，运用各种表现手段of discourse, an art that aims to improve方法，对语言材料进行加工，提高语the capability of writers or speakersto言表达效果的一种活动，而研究这种inform, persuade,or motivate particular提高语言表达效果规律的科学，就叫audiencesin specific situations. Its best做修辞学。西方修辞学发展史上，真known definition comes from Aristotle,正将修辞界定为一门学科的人是

9、亚里who considers it a counterpart of both士多德，他将修辞学界定为”在每一logic and politics, and calls i“t the faculty件事上发现 可用的 说服手段的能of observing in any given case the力。”available means of persuasio”n.Rhetoric修辞学About the history of Rhetoric, Rhetoric 修辞起源于美索不达米亚 .在古埃及，has its origins in Mesopotamia. And In修辞学自中王国时

10、期就存在，古埃及ancient Egypt, rhetoric had existed since人关注雄辩，认为修辞学在社会生活中具有重大价值。study manifested in the establishmentofdepartments of rhetoric and speech atacademic institutions, as well as theformation of national and internationalprofessional organizations.The“Egyptian rules of rhetoric” also埃及的修辞原则明确定义：

11、知道什clearly specified tha“t knowing when not么时候不说话是必不可少的，而且了to speak is essential,and very respected, 解非常受人尊敬和修辞的知识 . 古埃rhetorical knowledge”. Their“approach及的修辞手法是雄辩和智慧的沉默的to rhetoric” was thus a “ balance平衡。他们演讲的原则强调坚持保持between eloquence and wise silence”.现状的社会行为，并且他们认为好的Their rules of speech also

12、strongly演讲应该是受人支持的，有利于社会emphasized “ adherence to social的，而不是被人质疑的。在古中国，behaviors that support a conservative修辞回溯到中国的哲学家孔子和他的status quo” and they held that“skilled追随者。在古希腊，最早涉及的是河speech should support, not question, 马的伊利亚特。 20 世纪见证了修辞学society”. In ancient China, rhetoric dates的再次兴起。当代学者继续在数世纪back to

13、 the Chinese philosopher,的修辞传统上添砖加瓦，重新解释修Confucius. In ancient Greece, the earliest辞学来说明人类交流的重要性mention of oratorical skill occurs inHomers Iliad. At the turn of the 20thcentury, there was a revival of rhetoricalpersuasive arguments);memory (the process of learning andmemorizing the speech and persu

14、asivemessages.)Rhetoric typically provide heuristics for修辞学通常提供在特定条件下，关understanding discovering and developing 于理解，认知和论据的探索法 .arguments for particular situations.And we should know the Aristotles关于修辞，我们需要知道亚里士多three persuasive audience appeals: 德的修辞学三种劝说方式 :logos, pathos, and ethos.逻辑诉求，情感诉求，人格诉求，A

15、nd the five canons of rhetoric: 以及修辞五艺 :invention, arrangement, style, memory,取材， 布局谋篇， 朗诵法， 表达技巧，and delivery.默记：invention (the process of developing取材建立论据的过程；arguments);style (determining how to present the表达技巧如何表述arguments);arrangement (organizing the arguments布局谋略决定如何表达论据；for extreme effect);del

16、ivery (the gestures, pronunciation, tone朗诵法手势，发音，语调，表达and pace used when presenting the论据的步骤；possessed, possessor)默记学习和记忆演讲信息的过程Existential processes(existent)Grammar语法The system of transitivity is a及物性系统是一个语义系统，他把particular grammatical facility used for人们的经验表达出来，并指明过程所capturing experience in langua

17、geis the涉及的参与者和环境成分。system of transitivity.In this system,it contain six process(the在这个系统中，分为六个过程类型participant ): (括号内为其参与者 )：Material processes物质过程(actor, goal)（动作着，目标），Mental processes心理过程(senser, phenomenon)（感觉者，现象），Behavioural processes行为过程( behaver) （行为者） ,Processes of verbalization言语过程(sayer,

18、verbiage, receiver)（说话者，说话内容，受话者） ，Relational processes关系过程(carrier, attribute, identified, identifier,（载体，属性，被识别者，识别者，被占有者，占有者）Imperative clauses,Interrogative clauses,存在过程and Declarative clauses.To test for the（存在物）。subject, complement and adjunctelementsof clausestructure, we can askvarious quest

19、ions around the verb.A basic model of grammar should语法的基本模型应该包含：contain:sentence (or clause complex),句子，clause,从句，phrase (or group),词组，word,单词，morpheme.语素。Four basic elements of clause structu：re句子结构的四个基本要素：the Subject (S),主语，the Predicator (P),谓语，the Complement (C)补语，and the Adjunct (A).修饰语。an SPCA

20、 pattern。We should notice that SPCA is the值得注意的是主谓补修是基本结构，basic pattern of clause structure. But但是其他类型也存在，例如祈使句，other types are existing such as疑问句和陈述句。而且要检验句子的基本要素，我们可以围绕动词询问一Analogy ,系列问题。Paradox,Pun,Parallelism,Hyperbole and so on.Stylistic devices文体手段Stylistic devices contain : Figurative文体手段包括：

21、比喻性语言，声音language，Sound techniques，Structure，技巧，结果，讽刺，语域。Irony，Registe。rFigurative language uses figures of比喻性语言使用“修辞格”一speech - a way of saying something other种说什么而不是字面意义的方式。than the literal meaning of the words.Simile,明喻，Metaphor,暗喻，Synecdoche,提喻，Personification,拟人，Apostrophe,呼语，Charactonym,个性化诨名，S

22、ymbol,象征，Imagery,意向，Motif,主题，Metonymy,转喻，类比，Irony 悖论，双关，Verbal Irony排比，Situational irony夸张 等。Dramatic ironySound techniques:声音技巧It contains:包括：Rhyme,韵脚，Alliteration头韵，Assonance元韵，Consonance尾韵，Rhythm韵律，Onomatopoeia拟声。Structure结构Formal structure (the forms of a text)形式结构，Storyline and Plot故事线Plot stru

23、cture情节，Flashback倒叙，Frame story框架故事，Foreshadowing伏笔，Allusion 典故.purposes。 It has two main guises,讽刺 foregrounding as deviation from a言语反讽，norm and foregrounding as more of情景反讽，the same .戏剧反讽Register语域Diction措辞，Syntax句法，Voice语态，Tone语气。Literary Stylistics文学文体学The modern literary stylistic is现代文体学创始人是法

24、国文体学家established by Charles bally. Spitzer is the 巴利,德国文体学家斯皮泽被普遍尊为father of literary stylistic. 文学文体学之父 .It should be noticed that the值得注意的是突出”一词首先是由foregrounding is proposed first by布拉格学提出的，国内也有学者译成Mukarovsky of the Prague group.It refers“前景化”。用特定方法突出以达到某to a form of textual patterning which is种文学

25、审美效果。通常表现为与众不motivated specifically for literary-aesthetic同和老调重弹。to the way character is developed throughand by the semantic processes andparticipant roles embodied in narrativediscourse.And the structuralist poetician Roman著名诗学家雅各布森提出了话语的Jakobson proposes a model of language 六大功能:which comprises s

26、ix key function：sThe emotive function表情功能The conative function意动功能The referential function指称功能The poetic function组诗功能The phatic function人际功能The metalingual function评释功能Stylistic analysis文体学分析Narratives记述文Principal mode of narrative叙事特征的主要模式 是行为和事characterisation is the transmission of件的传送。角色是按语义过程和叙

27、事actions and events . This mode refers话语中的参与者角色发展的。The stylistic analysis of poem mainlystudy from two ways: the relevantinformation and the structure style.the relevant information:title, author, writing year, subject matter.Planes of point of view in narrative fiction叙事小说中的层面：Point of view on the

28、ideological plane意识形态层面Point of view on the temporal plane时空层面Point of view on the spatial plane空间层面Point of view on the psychological plane心理感知层面The analytical procedure of narratives:小说文体分析方法：Source, author (style), theme出处、作者（风格） 、主题narrative perspective叙述视角language feature（Sentence structure，语言特

29、点（句式结构、词汇）vocabulary，）Logical characteristics逻辑特点Conversational features人物会话特点figure of speech and so on修辞格等Poem诗歌对诗歌文体进行分析主要是从诗歌figure of speech and so on的相关信息与诗歌本身的结构形式两the analysis of dialogue is important .A方面着手。model for the analysisof dialogue was相关信息包括：suggested which comprised two principal题

30、目、作者、写作年代、体裁、题材methodological orientations.Structure style:诗歌本身的结构形式：Overall layout总体布局Number and length of lines 诗行数目,长度；Metre格律Rhythm韵律；Figure of speech修辞格；Adjectives have already been形容词是对诗歌进行文体分析的重highlighted as one of the main sites for点。stylistic experimentation in the poem.Drama戏剧Stylistic analysis of drama戏剧分体分析方法：Paraphrase or comment the text解释剧本或评论Script for