语言学英语.docx

1、语言学英语语言学方面的术语及其英文解释下面是一些在网上找到的语言学专业词汇，希望大家准备专业（语言学及应用语言学）口试有帮助-很多（一共有174个），不过看一下至少可以有个印象，在考场上才不会死的太惨，只需要耐心一点点就可以了Definethefollowingterms:1.designfeature:arefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguages,suchasarbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,culturaltransmission,etc.2.function:theuseoflanguagetoco

2、mmunicate,tothink,etc.Languagefunctionsinclucleimformativefunction,interpersonalfunction,performativefunction,interpersonalfunction,performativefunction,emotivefunction,phaticcommunion,recreationalfunctionandmetalingualfunction.3.etic:atermincontrastwithemicwhichoriginatesfromAmericanlinguistPikesdi

3、stinctionofphoneticsandphonemics.Beingeticmansmakingfartoomany,aswellasbehaviouslyinconsequential,differentiations,justaswasofterthecasewithphoneticvx.phonemicanalysisinlinguisticsproper.4.emic:atermincontrastwitheticwhichoriginatesfromAmericanlinguistPikesdistinctionofphoneticsandphonemics.Anemicse

4、tofspeechactsandeventsmustbeonethatisvalidatedasmeaningfulviafinalresourcetothenativemembersofaspeechcommunithratherthanviaqppealtotheinvestigatorsingenuithorintuitionalone.5.synchronic:akindofdescriptionwhichtakesafixedinstant(usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent),asitspointofobservation.Mostgramma

5、rsareofthiskind.6.diachronic:studyofalanguageiscarriedthroughthecourseofitshistory.7.prescriptive:thestudyofalanguageiscarriedthroughthecourseofitshistory.8.prescriptive:akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsareprescribedhowoughttobe,i.e.layingdownrulesforlanguageuse.9.descriptive:akindoflinguisticstud

6、yinwhichthingsarejustdescribed.10.arbitrariness:onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothefacethattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.11.duality:onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofarecomposedofelementsofthesecondary.levelande

7、achofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.12.displacement:onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichmeanshumanlanguageenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresentcintimeandspace,atthemomentofcommunication.13.phaticcommunion:onefunctionofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothesoc

8、ialinteractionoflanguage.14.metalanguage:certainkindsoflinguisticsignsortermsfortheanalysisanddescriptionofparticularstudies.15.macrolinguistics:heinteractingstudybetweenlanguageandlanguage-relateddisciplinessuchaspsychology,sociology,ethnograph,scienceoflawandartificialintelligenceetc.Branchesofmac

9、rolinguisticsincludepsycholinguistics,sociolinguistics,anthropologicallinguistics,petence:languageusersunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrules.17.performance:theactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituation.18.langue:thelinguisticcompetenceofthespeaker.19.parole:theactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics(utter

10、ances).20Articulatoryphonetics:thestudyofproductionofspeechsounds.21Coarticulation:akindofphoneticprocessinwhichsimultaneousoroverlappingarticulationsareinvolved.Coarticulationcanbefurtherdividedintoanticipatorycoarticulationandperseverativecoarticulation.22Voicing:pronouncingasound(usuallyavowelora

11、voicedconsonant)byvibratingthevocalcords.23Broadandnarrowtranscription:theuseofasimplesetofsymbolsintranscriptioniscalledbroadtranscription;theuseofasimplesetofsymbolsintranscriptioniscalledbroadtranscription;while,theuseofmorespecificsymbolstoshowmorephoneticdetailisreferredtoasnarrowtranscription.

12、24Consonant:aresoundsegmentsproducedbyconstrictingorobstructingthevocaltractatsomeplacetodivert,impede,orcompletelyshutofftheflowofairintheoralcavity.25Phoneme:theabstractelementofsound,identifiedasbeingdistinctiveinaparticularlanguage.26Allophone:anyofthedifferentformsofaphoneme(eg.isanallophoneof/

13、t/inEnglish.When/t/occursinwordslikestep,itisunaspirated.Bothandareallophonesofthephoneme/t/.27Vowl:aresoundsegmentsproducedwithoutsuchobstruction,sonoturbulenceofatotalstoppingoftheaircanbeperceived.28Mannerofarticulation;intheproductionofconsonants,mannerofarticulationreferstotheactualrelationship

14、betweenthearticulatorsandthusthewayinwhichtheairpassesthroughcertainpartsofthevocaltract.29Placeofarticulation:intheproductionofconsonants,placeofarticulationreferstowhereinthevocaltractthereisapproximation,narrowing,ortheobstructionofair.30Distinctivefeatures:atermofphonology,i.e.apropertywhichdist

15、inguishesonephonemefromanother.31Complementarydistribution:therelationbetweentowspeechsoundsthatneveroccurinthesameenvironment.Allophonesofthesamephonemeareusuallyincomplementarydistribution.32IPA:theabbreviationofInternationalPhoneticAlphabet,whichisdevisedbytheInternationalPhoneticAssociationin188

16、8thenithasundergonganumberofrevisions.IPAisacomprisedsystememployingsymbolsofallsources,suchasRomansmallletters,italicsuprighted,obsoleteletters,Greekletters,diacritics,etc.33Suprasegmental:suprasegmentalfeaturesarethoseaspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments.Theprincipalsupra-segmenta

17、lfeaturesaresyllable,stress,tone,andintonation.34Suprasegmental:aspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments.Theprinciplesuprasegmentalfeaturesaresyllable,stress,tone,andintonation.35.morpheme:thesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedivided

18、intofurthersmallunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,poundolymorphemicwordswhichconsistwhollyoffreemorphemes,suchasclassroom,blackboard,snowwhite,etc.37.inflection:themanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes,suchasnumber,person,finiteness,aspecta

19、ndcase,whichdonotchangethegrammaticalclassofthestemstowhichtheyareattached.38.affix:thecollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme(therootorstem).39.derivation:differentfromcompounds,derivationshowstherelationbetweenrootsandaffixes.40.root:thebasefromofawordthatcan

20、notfurtherbeanalyzedwithouttotallassofidentity.41.allomorph:;anyofthedifferentformofamorpheme.Forexample,inEnglishthepluralmorthemeisbutitispronounceddifferentlyindifferentenvironmentsas/s/incats,as/z/indogsandas/iz/inclasses.So/s/,/z/,and/iz/areallallomorphsofthepluralmorpheme.42.Stem:anymorphemeor

21、combinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixcanbeadded.43.boundmorpheme:anelementofmeaningwhichisstructurallydependentontheworlditisaddedto,e.g.thepluralmorphemein“dogs”.44.freemorpheme:anelementofmeaningwhichtakestheformofanindependentword.45.lexeme:Aseparateunitofmeaning,usuallyintheformofawor

22、d(e.g.”doginthemanger”)46.lexicon:alistofallthewordsinalanguageassignedtovariouslexicalcategoriesandprovidedwithsemanticinterpretation.47.grammaticalword:wordexpressinggrammaticalmeanings,suchconjunction,prepositions,articlesandpronouns.48.lexicalword:wordhavinglexicalmeanings,thatis,thosewhichrefer

23、tosubstance,actionandquality,suchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,andverbs.49.open-class:awordwhosemembershipisinprincipleinfiniteorunlimited,suchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,andmanyadverbs.50.blending:arelativelycomplexformofcompounding,inwhichtwowordsareblendedbyjoiningtheinitialpartofthefirstwordandthefinalp

24、artofthesecondword,orbyjoiningtheinitialpartsofthetwowords.术语251.loanvoord:aprocessinwhichbothformandmeaningareborrowedwithonlyaslightadaptation,insomecases,toehphonologicalsystemofthenewlanguagethattheyenter.52.loanblend:aprocessinwhichpartoftheformisnativeandpartisborrowed,butthemeaningisfullyborr

25、owed.53.leanshift:aprocessinwhichthemeaningisborrowed,buttheformisnative.54.acronym:ismadeupformthefirstlettersofthenameofanorganization,whichhasaheavilymodifiedheadword.55.loss:thedisappearanceoftheverysoundasamorphemeinthephonologicalsystem.56.back-formation:anabnormaltypeofword-formationwhereasho

26、rterwordisderivedbydeletinganimaginedaffixfromalongformalreadyinthelanguage.57.assimilation:thechangeofasoundasaresultoftheinfluenceofanadjacentsound,whichismorespecificallycalled.”contact”or”contiguous”assimilation.58.dissimilation:theinfluenceexercised.Byonesoundsegmentuponthearticulationofanother,sothatthesoundsbecomelessalike,ordifferent.59.folketymology:achangeinformofawordorphrase,resultingfromanincorrectpopularnationoftheoriginormeaningofthetermorfromtheinfluenceofmorefamiliartermsmistakenlytakentobeanalogou