are allophones of the phoneme/t/.27． Vowl:
are sound segments produced without such obstruction,so no turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived.
28． Manner of articulation; in the production of consonants,manner of articulation refers to the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air passes through certain parts of the vocal tract.
29． Place of articulation:
in the production of consonants,place of articulation refers to where in the vocal tract there is approximation,narrowing,or the obstruction of air.
30． Distinctive features:
a term of phonology,i.e.a property which distinguishes one phoneme from another.
31． Complementary distribution:
the relation between tow speech sounds that never occur in the same environment.Allophones of the same phoneme are usually in complementary distribution.
32． IPA:
the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet,which is devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1888 then it has undergong a number of revisions.IPA is a comprised system employing symbols of all sources,such as Roman small letters,italics uprighted,obsolete letters,Greek letters,diacritics,etc.
33． Suprasegmental:
suprasegmental featuresare those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments.The principal supra-segmental features aresyllable,stress,tone,,and intonation.
34． Suprasegmental:
aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments.The principle suprasegmental features are syllable,stress,tone,and intonation.
35. morpheme:
the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content,a unit that cannot be divided into further small units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning,whether it is lexical or grammatical.
36. compoundoly morphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes,such as classroom,blackboard,snowwhite,etc.
37. inflection:
the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes,such as number,person,finiteness,aspect and case,which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached.
38. affix:
the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme（the root or stem）.
39. derivation:
different from compounds,derivation shows the relation between roots and affixes.
40. root:
the base from of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total lass of identity.
41. allomorph:
; any of the different form of a morpheme.For example,in English the plural mortheme is but it is pronounced differently in different environments as/s/in cats,as/z/ in dogs and as/iz/ in classes.So/s/,/z/,and /iz/ are all allomorphs of the plural morpheme.
42. Stem:
any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.
43. bound morpheme:
an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on the world it is added to,e.g. the plural morpheme in “dog’s”.
44. free morpheme:
an element of meaning which takes the form of an independent word.
45. lexeme:
A separate unit of meaning,usually in the form of a word（e.g.”dog in the manger”）
46. lexicon:
a list of all the words in a language assigned to various lexical categories and provided with semantic interpretation.
47. grammatical word:
word expressing grammatical meanings,such conjunction,prepositions,articles and pronouns.
48. lexical word:
word having lexical meanings,that is ,those which refer to substance,action and quality,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and verbs.
49. open-class:
a word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and many adverbs.
50. blending:
a relatively complex form of compounding,in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word,or by joining the initial parts of the two words.
术语2
51. loanvoord:
a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight adaptation,in some cases,to eh phonological system of the new language that they enter.
52. loanblend:
a process in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed.
53. leanshift:
a process in which the meaning is borrowed,but the form is native.
54. acronym:
is made up form the first letters of the name of an organization,which has a heavily modified headword.
55. loss:
the disappearance of the very sound as a morpheme in the phonological system.
56. back-formation:
an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already in the language.
57. assimilation:
the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound,which is more specifically called.”contact”or”contiguous”assimilation.
58. dissimilation:
the influence exercised.By one sound segment upon the articulation of another, so that the sounds become less alike,or different.
59. folk etymology:
a change in form of a word or phrase,resulting from an incorrect popular nation of the origin or meaning of the term or from the influence of more familiar terms mistakenly taken to be analogou
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