西方文献完整版并分析摘要写作方法.docx

1、西方文献完整版并分析摘要写作方法Artificial reefs to buffer New YorkJosie Glausiusz. Nature. London: Apr 15, 2010. Vol. 464, Iss. 7291; pg. 982, 2 pgsAbstract (Summary)By 2100, rising sea levels could inundate 21% of Lower Manhattan at high tide and warmer ocean temperatures could bring more frequent hurricanes, acc

2、ompanied by storm surges 7 metres high. Bayonnes tank farm of industrial containers - used in an infamous 1960s salad-oil swindle, in which a commodities trader conned banks out of US$150 million by pretending the mostly water-filled tanks were full of soybean oil - could be turned into a sewage-fer

3、tilized algae farm producing algal oils for biodiesel as a project by-product. Full Text(697 words)Copyright Nature Publishing Group Apr 15, 2010Artificial reefs to buffer New YorkRising Currents: Projects for New Yorks WaterfrontMuseum of Modern Art, New YorkUntil 11 October 2010Within the next 40

4、years, projected sea-level rises of up to a third of a metre threaten coastal cities, including New York. By 2100, rising sea levels could inundate 21% of Lower Manhattan at high tide and warmer ocean temperatures could bring more frequent hurricanes, accompanied by storm surges 7 metres high.On sho

5、w until October at New Yorks Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) are five proposals for shielding low-lying areas of the city from encroaching waters. Each addresses a different zone, from Lower Manhattan to the New Jersey coast, using principles that have global applications. Rather than relying on defensi

6、ve barriers, such as levees and sea walls, the local design teams participating in Rising Currents suggest using wetlands, artificial islands and living reefs to absorb water and attenuate waves.In the project Oyster-Tecture, Kate Orff and her team from the urban design studio SCAPE/ Landscape Archi

7、tecture plan to seed oysters in the waters of the Bay Ridge Flats off Brooklyn to recreate a long-lost natural oyster reef. The SCAPE project also encompasses the Gowanus Canal, a former industrial waterway polluted by pesticides and heavy metals. Oyster beds act as a natural filtration system, and

8、could clean millions of litres of harbour water each day - a single oyster can filter 3 litres of water an hour.The project doesnt require a billion-dollar investment, just biology in the form of the oyster, says Orff. A model of Oyster-Tecture, a rope and timber mosaic landscape for marine life and

9、 people populated by wooden birds, turtles, fish and human figures, has been hand-knitted by the Brooklyn-based Bergen Street Knitters.A dredged-up oyster shell sits beside Matthew Baird Architects model of Working Waterline, a scheme for the low-lying lands of Bayonne, New Jersey, and the Kill van

10、Kull, the tidal strait that separates them from Staten Island. The company proposes creating an artificial reef and breakwater by sinking thousands of 75-centimetre-high recycled-glass jacks (shaped as in the game) into the sea bed. Accumulated sediment, explains ecologist and artist Nim Lee, would

11、host algae and create habitats for marsh grasses and marine life.Local warehouses and piers could be converted to recycle the necessary materials: New Yorkers discard nearly 3,000 tonnes of glass each week, of which only around half is recycled. Bayonnes tank farm of industrial containers - used in

12、an infamous 1960s salad-oil swindle, in which a commodities trader conned banks out of US$150 million by pretending the mostly water-filled tanks were full of soybean oil - could be turned into a sewage-fertilized algae farm producing algal oils for biodiesel as a project by-product.Water overflow i

13、s a persistent problem in New York: thanks to outmoded sewers, more than 100 billion litres of raw sewage and polluted storm water are discharged into the harbour each year. In their project A New Urban Ground, Architecture Research Office (ARO) and designers dlandstudio suggest filling the streets

14、of Lower Manhattan with greenways - freshwater wetlands and saltwater marshes that act as sponges. We didnt envision it to be an apocalyptic scene of nature overtaking the city, says Adam Yarinsky of ARO. Its very much about the city perpetuating, not diminishing.Population growth is another factor

15、to take into account: New York City is projected to grow by 800,000 people by 2030. Extending the city into the water is the goal of New Aqueous City, which covers Sunset Park, Bay Ridge and Staten Island. Designers nArchitects solution is to build an archipelago of concrete islands connected by inf

16、latable storm barriers that accumulate silt and provide resilience against storm surges. In Water Proving Ground, LTL Architects propose a series of landscaped finger-shaped piers for the zone that includes Liberty State Park and the Statue of Liberty.Curator Barry Bergdoll of MoMA hopes that the pr

17、ojects will be realized: I dont want them to become like French architect Etienne- Louis Boulles late-eighteenth-century paintings in which a seemingly impossible future is projected. We want them to percolate into real projects or into public policy.Garlic Capital of the World: Gilroy, Garlic, and

18、the Making of a Festive FoodscapeKaryl Denison Eaglefeathers. Voices. Schenectady: Spring 2010. Vol. 36, Iss. 1/2; pg. 37, 2 pgsAbstract (Summary)Social scientists, public folklorists, and historians will appreciate the use of scholarship from semiotics to social theory, coupled with professional pe

19、rspectives from landscape architecture to economic development. Hidden in a paragraph in the middle of the book is a sketch of a recipe for Gikoy Gourmet Alleys penne pasta con pesto, a pasta dish in a pesto cream sauce. Jump to indexing (document details)Full Text(874 words)Copyright New York Folkl

20、ore Society Spring 2010Garlic Capital of the World: Gilroy, Garlic, and the Making of a Festive Foodscape, by Pauline Adema. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. 192 pages, illustrations and maps, appendices, notes, bibliography, index, $25.00 paper.Pauline Adema draws us into her world of culi

21、nary superlatives, localism, and celebrations. In the final chapter of Garlic Capital of the World: Gilrqy, Garlic, and the Making of a Festive Foodscape, she defines the books significance: Looking through multiple complementary lenses, and by focusing on food-themed place branding and aggrandizeme

22、nt, my work contributes food-centered, geographically oriented thick description to discourses of food symbolization, place, and identity. In the preface and in the initial and final chapters, she presents intellectually engaging essays that are a synthesis of interdisciplinary thinking on the meani

23、ng of place, collective identity, community building through festivals, and labor theory of landscape production. Readers are treated to a discussion of mediated identity that can be developed through festivalization.Social scientists, public folklorists, and historians will appreciate the use of sc

24、holarship from semiotics to social theory, coupled with professional perspectives from landscape architecture to economic development. By means of a comprehensive case study of Gilroy, California - the self-proclaimed garlic capital of the world - the author skillfully guides the reader to considera

25、tion of competing perspectives: resident/tourist, exotic/classic, commodification/production, personal/communal, global/local, dynamic/stable, self/ other, everyday/ special, contemporary/ traditional.The seven chapter introductions are like a cleansing of the palate and a sensory invitation to the

26、next topic. The author shares her meticulous exploration of topics that she calls inversion, subversion, and enactment. She shows how a festival event allows a safe inversion of normative behaviors by providing, for example, opportunities for consumers to engage voluntarily in farming chores to play

27、 the role of producer. While festivals are often inclusive and shape a shared sense of community, place branding tolerates a degree of invented tradition and community exclusion. For example, the farmworkers who grow Gilroys garlic are tacitly excluded from the garlic festival except for their objec

28、tification in a short performance of garlic harvesting. Mediated identity capital in Gilroy selectively elevates the memory of a personal agrarian past, while diminishing the reality of agribusinesss impersonal corporate monopoly.The book comments eloquently and succinctly on many thorny issues that

29、 are ancillary to a festive foodscape, such as labor, power, and race relations, through adroit discussion of the politics of cultural performance and the political economy. We are awakened with a marvelous essay on immigrant foodways and a summary history of American dietary reform. Adema misses th

30、e moment to note that ethnic foods claimed a piece of the fast food pie, however, and to point out the tight connection between agribusiness, diminishing variety of food available, fast food, and declining national health.Garlic Capital of the World provides us a rich case study of place branding an

31、d commodification of place. We learn about Gilroys transformations: as the hay and grain capital of California in the 1850s, the dairy and cheese capital of California by 1900, the prune capital in the 1920s, and finally, in the age of globalization, the garlic capital of not merely California, but

32、the world. As the population of California grew and Gilroy became a bedroom community to nearby urban centers in the 1970s, city leaders wanted to move beyond its status as the prune capital, and they successfully repositioned garlic from malodorous to gourmet in order to improve the local economy. Adema shows us how Gilroy drew on the agrarian heritage of the valley to implicitly evoke nostalgia for the illusory simplicity of farming.Gilroys experience shows that, although a certain amount of invention of identity and exclusion of community members