西方文献完整版并分析摘要写作方法.docx

西方文献完整版并分析摘要写作方法.docx

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西方文献完整版并分析摘要写作方法

ArtificialreefstobufferNewYork

JosieGlausiusz.Nature.London:

Apr15,2010.Vol.464,Iss.7291;pg.982,2pgs

Abstract（Summary）

By2100,risingsealevelscouldinundate21%ofLowerManhattanathightideandwarmeroceantemperaturescouldbringmorefrequenthurricanes,accompaniedbystormsurges7metreshigh.Bayonne's'tankfarm'ofindustrialcontainers-usedinaninfamous1960s'salad-oilswindle',inwhichacommoditiestraderconnedbanksoutofUS$150millionbypretendingthemostlywater-filledtankswerefullofsoybeanoil-couldbeturnedintoasewage-fertilizedalgaefarmproducingalgaloilsforbiodieselasaprojectby-product.

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CopyrightNaturePublishingGroupApr15,2010

ArtificialreefstobufferNewYork

RisingCurrents:

ProjectsforNewYork'sWaterfront

MuseumofModernArt,NewYork

Until11October2010

Withinthenext40years,projectedsea-levelrisesofuptoathirdofametrethreatencoastalcities,includingNewYork.By2100,risingsealevelscouldinundate21%ofLowerManhattanathightideandwarmeroceantemperaturescouldbringmorefrequenthurricanes,accompaniedbystormsurges7metreshigh.

OnshowuntilOctoberatNewYork'sMuseumofModernArt（MoMA）arefiveproposalsforshieldinglow-lyingareasofthecityfromencroachingwaters.Eachaddressesadifferentzone,fromLowerManhattantotheNewJerseycoast,usingprinciplesthathaveglobalapplications.Ratherthanrelyingondefensivebarriers,suchasleveesandseawalls,thelocaldesignteamsparticipatinginRisingCurrentssuggestusingwetlands,artificialislandsandlivingreefstoabsorbwaterandattenuatewaves.

IntheprojectOyster-Tecture,KateOrffandherteamfromtheurbandesignstudioSCAPE/LandscapeArchitectureplantoseedoystersinthewatersoftheBayRidgeFlatsoffBrooklyntorecreatealong-lostnaturaloysterreef.TheSCAPEprojectalsoencompassestheGowanusCanal,aformerindustrialwaterwaypollutedbypesticidesandheavymetals.Oysterbedsactasanaturalfiltrationsystem,andcouldcleanmillionsoflitresofharbourwatereachday-asingleoystercanfilter3litresofwateranhour.

"Theprojectdoesn'trequireabillion-dollarinvestment,justbiologyintheformoftheoyster,"saysOrff.AmodelofOyster-Tecture,aropeandtimber"mosaiclandscapeformarinelifeandpeople"populatedbywoodenbirds,turtles,fishandhumanfigures,hasbeenhand-knittedbytheBrooklyn-basedBergenStreetKnitters.

Adredged-upoystershellsitsbesideMatthewBairdArchitects'modelof'WorkingWaterline',aschemeforthelow-lyinglandsofBayonne,NewJersey,andtheKillvanKull,thetidalstraitthatseparatesthemfromStatenIsland.Thecompanyproposescreatinganartificialreefandbreakwaterbysinkingthousandsof75-centimetre-highrecycled-glass'jacks'（shapedasinthegame）intotheseabed.Accumulatedsediment,explainsecologistandartistNimLee,wouldhostalgaeandcreatehabitatsformarshgrassesandmarinelife.

Localwarehousesandpierscouldbeconvertedtorecyclethenecessarymaterials:

NewYorkersdiscardnearly3,000tonnesofglasseachweek,ofwhichonlyaroundhalfisrecycled.Bayonne's'tankfarm'ofindustrialcontainers-usedinaninfamous1960s'salad-oilswindle',inwhichacommoditiestraderconnedbanksoutofUS$150millionbypretendingthemostlywater-filledtankswerefullofsoybeanoil-couldbeturnedintoasewage-fertilizedalgaefarmproducingalgaloilsforbiodieselasaprojectby-product.

WateroverflowisapersistentprobleminNewYork:

thankstooutmodedsewers,morethan100billionlitresofrawsewageandpollutedstormwateraredischargedintotheharboureachyear.Intheirproject'ANewUrbanGround',ArchitectureResearchOffice（ARO）anddesignersdlandstudiosuggestfillingthestreetsofLowerManhattanwith'greenways'-freshwaterwetlandsandsaltwatermarshesthatactassponges."Wedidn'tenvisionittobeanapocalypticsceneofnatureovertakingthecity,"saysAdamYarinskyofARO."It'sverymuchaboutthecityperpetuating,notdiminishing."

Populationgrowthisanotherfactortotakeintoaccount:

NewYorkCityisprojectedtogrowby800,000peopleby2030.Extendingthecityintothewateristhegoalof'NewAqueousCity',whichcoversSunsetPark,BayRidgeandStatenIsland.DesignersnArchitects'solutionistobuildanarchipelagoofconcreteislandsconnectedbyinflatablestormbarriersthataccumulatesiltandprovideresilienceagainststormsurges.In'WaterProvingGround',LTLArchitectsproposeaseriesoflandscapedfinger-shapedpiersforthezonethatincludesLibertyStateParkandtheStatueofLiberty.

CuratorBarryBergdollofMoMAhopesthattheprojectswillberealized:

"Idon'twantthemtobecomelike[FrencharchitectEtienne-Louis]Boullée'slate-eighteenth-centurypaintingsinwhichaseeminglyimpossiblefutureisprojected.Wewantthemtopercolateintorealprojectsorintopublicpolicy."

GarlicCapitaloftheWorld:

Gilroy,Garlic,andtheMakingofaFestiveFoodscape

KarylDenisonEaglefeathers.Voices.Schenectady:

Spring2010.Vol.36,Iss.1/2;pg.37,2pgs

Abstract（Summary）

Socialscientists,publicfolklorists,andhistorianswillappreciatetheuseofscholarshipfromsemioticstosocialtheory,coupledwithprofessionalperspectivesfromlandscapearchitecturetoeconomicdevelopment.HiddeninaparagraphinthemiddleofthebookisasketchofarecipeforGikoyGourmetAlley'spennepastaconpesto,apastadishinapestocreamsauce.

 » Jumptoindexing（documentdetails）

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CopyrightNewYorkFolkloreSocietySpring2010

GarlicCapitaloftheWorld:

Gilroy,Garlic,andtheMakingofaFestiveFoodscape,byPaulineAdema.Jackson:

UniversityPressofMississippi.192pages,illustrationsandmaps,appendices,notes,bibliography,index,$25.00paper.

PaulineAdemadrawsusintoherworldofculinarysuperlatives,localism,andcelebrations.InthefinalchapterofGarlicCapitaloftheWorld:

Gilrqy,Garlic,andtheMakingofaFestiveFoodscape,shedefinesthebook'ssignificance:

"Lookingthroughmultiplecomplementarylenses,andbyfocusingonfood-themedplacebrandingandaggrandizement,myworkcontributesfood-centered,geographicallyorientedthickdescriptiontodiscoursesoffoodsymbolization,place,andidentity."Intheprefaceandintheinitialandfinalchapters,shepresentsintellectuallyengagingessaysthatareasynthesisofinterdisciplinarythinkingonthemeaningofplace,collectiveidentity,communitybuildingthroughfestivals,andlabortheoryoflandscapeproduction.Readersaretreatedtoadiscussionofmediatedidentitythatcanbedevelopedthroughfestivalization.

Socialscientists,publicfolklorists,andhistorianswillappreciatetheuseofscholarshipfromsemioticstosocialtheory,coupledwithprofessionalperspectivesfromlandscapearchitecturetoeconomicdevelopment.BymeansofacomprehensivecasestudyofGilroy,California-theself-proclaimedgarliccapitaloftheworld-theauthorskillfullyguidesthereadertoconsiderationofcompetingperspectives:

resident/tourist,exotic/classic,commodification/production,personal/communal,global/local,dynamic/stable,self/other,everyday/special,contemporary/traditional.

Thesevenchapterintroductionsarelikeacleansingofthepalateandasensoryinvitationtothenexttopic.Theauthorshareshermeticulousexplorationoftopicsthatshecallsinversion,subversion,andenactment.Sheshowshowafestivaleventallowsa"safe"inversionofnormativebehaviorsbyproviding,forexample,opportunitiesforconsumerstoengagevoluntarilyinfarmingchorestoplaytheroleofproducer.Whilefestivalsareofteninclusiveandshapeasharedsenseofcommunity,placebrandingtoleratesadegreeofinventedtraditionandcommunityexclusion.Forexample,thefarmworkerswhogrowGilroy'sgarlicaretacitlyexcludedfromthegarlicfestivalexceptfortheirobjectificationinashortperformanceofgarlicharvesting.Mediated"identitycapital"inGilroyselectivelyelevatesthememoryofapersonalagrarianpast,whilediminishingtherealityofagribusiness'simpersonalcorporatemonopoly.

Thebookcommentseloquentlyandsuccinctlyonmanythornyissuesthatareancillarytoafestivefoodscape,suchaslabor,power,andracerelations,throughadroitdiscussionofthepoliticsofculturalperformanceandthepoliticaleconomy.WeareawakenedwithamarvelousessayonimmigrantfoodwaysandasummaryhistoryofAmericandietaryreform.Ademamissesthemomenttonotethatethnicfoodsclaimedapieceofthefastfoodpie,however,andtopointoutthetightconnectionbetweenagribusiness,diminishingvarietyoffoodavailable,fastfood,anddecliningnationalhealth.

GarlicCapitaloftheWorldprovidesusarichcasestudyofplacebrandingandcommodificationofplace.WelearnaboutGilroy'stransformations:

asthehayandgraincapitalofCaliforniainthe1850s,thedairyandcheesecapitalofCaliforniaby1900,theprunecapitalinthe1920s,andfinally,intheageofglobalization,thegarliccapitalofnotmerelyCalifornia,buttheworld.AsthepopulationofCaliforniagrewandGilroybecameabedroomcommunitytonearbyurbancentersinthe1970s,cityleaderswantedtomovebeyonditsstatusastheprunecapital,andtheysuccessfullyrepositionedgarlicfrom"malodoroustogourmet"inordertoimprovethelocaleconomy.AdemashowsushowGilroydrewon"theagrarianheritageofthevalleytoimplicitlyevokenostalgiafortheillusorysimplicityoffarming."

Gilroy'sexperienceshowsthat,althoughacertainamountofinventionofidentityandexclusionofcommunitymembers