西方文献完整版并分析摘要写作方法.docx
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西方文献完整版并分析摘要写作方法
ArtificialreefstobufferNewYork
JosieGlausiusz.Nature.London:
Apr15,2010.Vol.464,Iss.7291;pg.982,2pgs
Abstract(Summary)
By2100,risingsealevelscouldinundate21%ofLowerManhattanathightideandwarmeroceantemperaturescouldbringmorefrequenthurricanes,accompaniedbystormsurges7metreshigh.Bayonne's'tankfarm'ofindustrialcontainers-usedinaninfamous1960s'salad-oilswindle',inwhichacommoditiestraderconnedbanksoutofUS$150millionbypretendingthemostlywater-filledtankswerefullofsoybeanoil-couldbeturnedintoasewage-fertilizedalgaefarmproducingalgaloilsforbiodieselasaprojectby-product.
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(697 words)
CopyrightNaturePublishingGroupApr15,2010
ArtificialreefstobufferNewYork
RisingCurrents:
ProjectsforNewYork'sWaterfront
MuseumofModernArt,NewYork
Until11October2010
Withinthenext40years,projectedsea-levelrisesofuptoathirdofametrethreatencoastalcities,includingNewYork.By2100,risingsealevelscouldinundate21%ofLowerManhattanathightideandwarmeroceantemperaturescouldbringmorefrequenthurricanes,accompaniedbystormsurges7metreshigh.
OnshowuntilOctoberatNewYork'sMuseumofModernArt(MoMA)arefiveproposalsforshieldinglow-lyingareasofthecityfromencroachingwaters.Eachaddressesadifferentzone,fromLowerManhattantotheNewJerseycoast,usingprinciplesthathaveglobalapplications.Ratherthanrelyingondefensivebarriers,suchasleveesandseawalls,thelocaldesignteamsparticipatinginRisingCurrentssuggestusingwetlands,artificialislandsandlivingreefstoabsorbwaterandattenuatewaves.
IntheprojectOyster-Tecture,KateOrffandherteamfromtheurbandesignstudioSCAPE/LandscapeArchitectureplantoseedoystersinthewatersoftheBayRidgeFlatsoffBrooklyntorecreatealong-lostnaturaloysterreef.TheSCAPEprojectalsoencompassestheGowanusCanal,aformerindustrialwaterwaypollutedbypesticidesandheavymetals.Oysterbedsactasanaturalfiltrationsystem,andcouldcleanmillionsoflitresofharbourwatereachday-asingleoystercanfilter3litresofwateranhour.
"Theprojectdoesn'trequireabillion-dollarinvestment,justbiologyintheformoftheoyster,"saysOrff.AmodelofOyster-Tecture,aropeandtimber"mosaiclandscapeformarinelifeandpeople"populatedbywoodenbirds,turtles,fishandhumanfigures,hasbeenhand-knittedbytheBrooklyn-basedBergenStreetKnitters.
Adredged-upoystershellsitsbesideMatthewBairdArchitects'modelof'WorkingWaterline',aschemeforthelow-lyinglandsofBayonne,NewJersey,andtheKillvanKull,thetidalstraitthatseparatesthemfromStatenIsland.Thecompanyproposescreatinganartificialreefandbreakwaterbysinkingthousandsof75-centimetre-highrecycled-glass'jacks'(shapedasinthegame)intotheseabed.Accumulatedsediment,explainsecologistandartistNimLee,wouldhostalgaeandcreatehabitatsformarshgrassesandmarinelife.
Localwarehousesandpierscouldbeconvertedtorecyclethenecessarymaterials:
NewYorkersdiscardnearly3,000tonnesofglasseachweek,ofwhichonlyaroundhalfisrecycled.Bayonne's'tankfarm'ofindustrialcontainers-usedinaninfamous1960s'salad-oilswindle',inwhichacommoditiestraderconnedbanksoutofUS$150millionbypretendingthemostlywater-filledtankswerefullofsoybeanoil-couldbeturnedintoasewage-fertilizedalgaefarmproducingalgaloilsforbiodieselasaprojectby-product.
WateroverflowisapersistentprobleminNewYork:
thankstooutmodedsewers,morethan100billionlitresofrawsewageandpollutedstormwateraredischargedintotheharboureachyear.Intheirproject'ANewUrbanGround',ArchitectureResearchOffice(ARO)anddesignersdlandstudiosuggestfillingthestreetsofLowerManhattanwith'greenways'-freshwaterwetlandsandsaltwatermarshesthatactassponges."Wedidn'tenvisionittobeanapocalypticsceneofnatureovertakingthecity,"saysAdamYarinskyofARO."It'sverymuchaboutthecityperpetuating,notdiminishing."
Populationgrowthisanotherfactortotakeintoaccount:
NewYorkCityisprojectedtogrowby800,000peopleby2030.Extendingthecityintothewateristhegoalof'NewAqueousCity',whichcoversSunsetPark,BayRidgeandStatenIsland.DesignersnArchitects'solutionistobuildanarchipelagoofconcreteislandsconnectedbyinflatablestormbarriersthataccumulatesiltandprovideresilienceagainststormsurges.In'WaterProvingGround',LTLArchitectsproposeaseriesoflandscapedfinger-shapedpiersforthezonethatincludesLibertyStateParkandtheStatueofLiberty.
CuratorBarryBergdollofMoMAhopesthattheprojectswillberealized:
"Idon'twantthemtobecomelike[FrencharchitectEtienne-Louis]Boullée'slate-eighteenth-centurypaintingsinwhichaseeminglyimpossiblefutureisprojected.Wewantthemtopercolateintorealprojectsorintopublicpolicy."
GarlicCapitaloftheWorld:
Gilroy,Garlic,andtheMakingofaFestiveFoodscape
KarylDenisonEaglefeathers.Voices.Schenectady:
Spring2010.Vol.36,Iss.1/2;pg.37,2pgs
Abstract(Summary)
Socialscientists,publicfolklorists,andhistorianswillappreciatetheuseofscholarshipfromsemioticstosocialtheory,coupledwithprofessionalperspectivesfromlandscapearchitecturetoeconomicdevelopment.HiddeninaparagraphinthemiddleofthebookisasketchofarecipeforGikoyGourmetAlley'spennepastaconpesto,apastadishinapestocreamsauce.
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(874 words)
CopyrightNewYorkFolkloreSocietySpring2010
GarlicCapitaloftheWorld:
Gilroy,Garlic,andtheMakingofaFestiveFoodscape,byPaulineAdema.Jackson:
UniversityPressofMississippi.192pages,illustrationsandmaps,appendices,notes,bibliography,index,$25.00paper.
PaulineAdemadrawsusintoherworldofculinarysuperlatives,localism,andcelebrations.InthefinalchapterofGarlicCapitaloftheWorld:
Gilrqy,Garlic,andtheMakingofaFestiveFoodscape,shedefinesthebook'ssignificance:
"Lookingthroughmultiplecomplementarylenses,andbyfocusingonfood-themedplacebrandingandaggrandizement,myworkcontributesfood-centered,geographicallyorientedthickdescriptiontodiscoursesoffoodsymbolization,place,andidentity."Intheprefaceandintheinitialandfinalchapters,shepresentsintellectuallyengagingessaysthatareasynthesisofinterdisciplinarythinkingonthemeaningofplace,collectiveidentity,communitybuildingthroughfestivals,andlabortheoryoflandscapeproduction.Readersaretreatedtoadiscussionofmediatedidentitythatcanbedevelopedthroughfestivalization.
Socialscientists,publicfolklorists,andhistorianswillappreciatetheuseofscholarshipfromsemioticstosocialtheory,coupledwithprofessionalperspectivesfromlandscapearchitecturetoeconomicdevelopment.BymeansofacomprehensivecasestudyofGilroy,California-theself-proclaimedgarliccapitaloftheworld-theauthorskillfullyguidesthereadertoconsiderationofcompetingperspectives:
resident/tourist,exotic/classic,commodification/production,personal/communal,global/local,dynamic/stable,self/other,everyday/special,contemporary/traditional.
Thesevenchapterintroductionsarelikeacleansingofthepalateandasensoryinvitationtothenexttopic.Theauthorshareshermeticulousexplorationoftopicsthatshecallsinversion,subversion,andenactment.Sheshowshowafestivaleventallowsa"safe"inversionofnormativebehaviorsbyproviding,forexample,opportunitiesforconsumerstoengagevoluntarilyinfarmingchorestoplaytheroleofproducer.Whilefestivalsareofteninclusiveandshapeasharedsenseofcommunity,placebrandingtoleratesadegreeofinventedtraditionandcommunityexclusion.Forexample,thefarmworkerswhogrowGilroy'sgarlicaretacitlyexcludedfromthegarlicfestivalexceptfortheirobjectificationinashortperformanceofgarlicharvesting.Mediated"identitycapital"inGilroyselectivelyelevatesthememoryofapersonalagrarianpast,whilediminishingtherealityofagribusiness'simpersonalcorporatemonopoly.
Thebookcommentseloquentlyandsuccinctlyonmanythornyissuesthatareancillarytoafestivefoodscape,suchaslabor,power,andracerelations,throughadroitdiscussionofthepoliticsofculturalperformanceandthepoliticaleconomy.WeareawakenedwithamarvelousessayonimmigrantfoodwaysandasummaryhistoryofAmericandietaryreform.Ademamissesthemomenttonotethatethnicfoodsclaimedapieceofthefastfoodpie,however,andtopointoutthetightconnectionbetweenagribusiness,diminishingvarietyoffoodavailable,fastfood,anddecliningnationalhealth.
GarlicCapitaloftheWorldprovidesusarichcasestudyofplacebrandingandcommodificationofplace.WelearnaboutGilroy'stransformations:
asthehayandgraincapitalofCaliforniainthe1850s,thedairyandcheesecapitalofCaliforniaby1900,theprunecapitalinthe1920s,andfinally,intheageofglobalization,thegarliccapitalofnotmerelyCalifornia,buttheworld.AsthepopulationofCaliforniagrewandGilroybecameabedroomcommunitytonearbyurbancentersinthe1970s,cityleaderswantedtomovebeyonditsstatusastheprunecapital,andtheysuccessfullyrepositionedgarlicfrom"malodoroustogourmet"inordertoimprovethelocaleconomy.AdemashowsushowGilroydrewon"theagrarianheritageofthevalleytoimplicitlyevokenostalgiafortheillusorysimplicityoffarming."
Gilroy'sexperienceshowsthat,althoughacertainamountofinventionofidentityandexclusionofcommunitymembers