美国文学史整理资料.docx

1、美国文学史整理资料Colonial Period 殖民时期Background: Puritanism 背景：清教主义1. features of Puritanism 特征 宿命论:上帝决定一切之前发生的事情(1). Predestination: God decided everything before things occurred.(2). Original sin: Human beings were born to be evil, and this original sin can be passed down from generation to generation. 原罪

2、论:人类生来就是邪恶,这原罪(3). Total depravity 性恶说 有限的赎罪: 可以通过一代一代(4). Limited atonement: Only the “elect” can be saved. 只有选举才能得救2. Influence 影响(1). A group of good qualities hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious and thoughtful) influenced American literature. 一群好的品质努力工作、节俭、虔诚、节制(严重的和深思熟虑的)美国文学的影响。(2). It

3、 led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth garden of Eden.它导致了永恒的神话。所有的文学是基于一个神话伊甸园。(3). Symbolism: the American puritans metaphorical mode of perception was chiefly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American.象征意义:美国清教徒的隐喻认知模式主要是在调用形成一个文

4、学象征这是典型的美国人。 关于他们的写作,风格清新,简单而直接,修辞是平原和诚实的,(4). With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible. 不是没有一点贵族通常起源于圣经的直接影响。Colonial period and Revolutionary period 殖民

5、时期和革命时期 Benjamin Franklin Jonathan Edwards 本杰明富兰克林和乔纳森爱德华兹1. writers of colonial period Philip Freneau 菲利普弗伦诺Anne Bradstreet, Edward Taylor, Roger Williams, John Woolman, Thomas Paine,安妮布拉德斯特里特 爱德华泰勒 罗杰威廉姆斯 乌尔曼 托马斯潘恩2. Jonathan Edwards 乔纳森爱德华兹last important figure in Puritan tradition 最后一个重要人物清教徒的传统

6、Works：The Freedom of the Will 论意志自由The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended 论原罪的教义辩护The Nature of True Virtue 论真实德行的本原ideas pioneer of transcendentalism 思想先验论的先驱(1). The spirit of revivalism 信仰复兴运动的精神(2). Regeneration of man 人的再生 (3). Gods presence 上帝的存在(4). Puritan idealism 清教徒的理想主义3. Benjamin F

7、ranklin 本杰明富兰克林Works：Poor Richards Almanac 穷理查德历书Autobiography 自传Poor Richards Almanac: Maxims(谚语，格言)and axioms(哲理，格言) Lost time is never found again. 光阴一去不复返。 A penny saved is a penny earned. 省一文等于挣一文。 God help them that help themselves. 上帝帮助那些帮助自己。 Fish and visitors stink in three days. 臭鱼和游客在三天。

8、Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise. Ale in, truth out. 啤酒,真理。 早睡早起,使人健康、富有和聪明。 Eat not to dullness. Drink not to elevation. 吃不饱,喝不醉。 Diligence is the Mother of Good Luck. 勤奋是好运之母。 One Today is worth two tomorrow. 一个今天胜似两个明天。 Industry pays debts. Despair encreaset

9、h them. 行业支付债务。绝望他们。 Autobiography: It is perhaps the first real post-revolutionary American writing as well as the first real autobiography in English. 自传：它可能是第一个真正的革命后美国写作以及第一个真正的英文自传。contribution(1). He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the American Philosophical Society. 他帮助发现宾夕法尼亚州的医院和

10、美国哲学协会。(2). He was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire (electricity in this case) from heaven”. 他被称为“新普罗米修斯偷了火从天上(在这种情况下电)”。(3). Everything seems to meet in this one man “Jack of all trades”. Herman Melville thus described him “master of each and mastered by none”. 一切似乎在这一个人“杂”的赫尔曼麦尔维尔。因此

11、称他“没有每掌握大师”。Evaluation 评价(1). He was a rare genius in human history. 他是人类历史上罕见的天才。(2). He was the first great self-made man in America, a poor democrat born in an aristocratic age that his fine example helped to liberalize. 第一个在美国伟大的白手起家的人,一个贫穷的民主党人出生在一个贵族时代,他的好例子帮助自由化。(3). Politically he brought th

12、e colonial era to a close. For quite some time he was regarded as the father of all Yankees, even more than Washington was. He was the only American to sign the four documents that created the United States: the declaration of Independence, the treaty of alliance with France, the treaty of peace wit

13、h England, and the constitution. 政治上,他带来了殖民时代结束。在相当长的一段时间内他的父亲被认为是所有的洋基队,甚至比华盛顿。他是唯一的美国人签署了美国的四个文件:独立宣言,条约与法国结盟,与英格兰和平条约,宪法。(4). Scientifically, as the symbol of America in the Age of Enlightenment, he invented a lot of useful implements. His research on electricity, his famous experiment with his k

14、ite line and many others made him the preeminent scientist of his day. 科学,作为美国的象征在启蒙时代,他发明了很多有用的实现。他在电力方面的研究,他的著名的实验他的风筝线和许多其他使他杰出的科学家。(5). Literally, he really opened the story of American literature. D. H. Lawrance agreed that Franklin was everything but a poet. In the Scottish philosopher David H

15、umes eyes he was Americas “first great man of letters”.他真的开了美国文学的故事。同意富兰克林是一切,但诗人。在苏格兰哲学家大卫休谟的眼睛他美国的“第一伟人的信件”。American Romanticism 美国浪漫主义Section 1 Early Romantic Period 早期浪漫主义时期Time: the Independence War - the Civil War 1783-18611. What is Romanticism?An approach from ancient Greek: Plato 一种方法从古希腊:柏

16、拉图A literary trend: 18c in Britain (17981832) 文学趋势Schlegel Bros. 施莱格尔兄弟2. Characteristics of romanticism 浪漫主义的特征(1). Subjectivity 主体性 feeling and emotions, finding truth 感觉和情绪,发现真理 emphasis on imagination 强调想象力 emphasis on individualism personal freedom, no hero worship, natural goodness of human be

17、ings 强调个人主义,个人自由,没有英雄崇拜、自然人类的善良(2). back to medieval, esp medieval folk literature 回到中世纪,尤其是中世纪 unrestrained by classical rules 不受古典规则 的民间文学 full of imagination 充满了想象力 colloquial language 口语化的语言 freedom of imagination 自由的想象 真正的感情: genuine in feelings: answer their call for classics 回答他们呼吁经典(3). back

18、 to nature 回归自然 卢梭 nature is “breathing living thing” (Rousseau) 呼吸的生物3. American Romanticism Background 美国浪漫主义 背景(1). Political background and economic development 政治背景和经济发展(2). Romantic movement in European countries 浪漫主义运动在欧洲国家 Derivative foreign influence 衍生品外国影响4. Features 特征(1). American roman

19、ticism was in essence the expression of “a real new experience and contained “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien. 美国浪漫主义在本质上的表达“一个真正的新的经验和含有“外星人”原因很简单,“质量”的精神是全新和外星人。(2). There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider.

20、American romantic authors tended more to moralize. Many American romantic writings intended to edify more than they entertained. 美国清教主义作为一种文化遗产需要考虑。浪漫主义作家往往更讲道德。许多浪漫主义作品旨在陶冶他们过瘾了。(3). The “newness” of Americans as a nation is in connection with American Romanticism. 美国作为一个国家的“新鲜感”与美国的浪漫主义。(4). As a

21、logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American romanticism was both imitative and independent.作为一个逻辑外国和本地的因素在起作用的结果,美国浪漫主义既模仿和独立。5. The Romantic Period, one of the most important periods in thehistory of American literature, stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbr

22、eak of the Civil War. It started with the publication of Washington Irvings The Sketch Book and ended with Whitmans Leaves of Grass.浪漫主义时期的美国文学历史上最重要的时期,从18世纪末延伸至爆发内战。它始于华盛顿欧文的速写本的出版,以惠特曼的草叶集结束。6. (1). Romanticism: Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper 欧文和库伯 (2). Summit of Romanticism-Transcen

23、dentalism (American Renaissance) 峰会的浪漫主义先验论(美国文艺复兴) Ralph Waldo Emerson and Fillip Thoreau 爱默生和梭罗 (3). Late Romanticism: Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville (4). Romantic Poets: Walt Whitman and Emily Dickenson 惠特曼和迪金森 (5). the most controversial & the most misunderstood: Edgar Allen Poe 最具争议和最被

24、误解的:埃德加艾伦坡 The Fall of the House of Usher and The Raven 乌鸦7. The theme of journey as a declaration of independence 旅行作为独立宣言 Irving is the Father of American Literature 欧文是美国文学之父 的主题 Cooper is the Father of the American novel 库珀是美国小说之父 Poe is the inventor of the American Short Story 爱伦坡是美国短篇小说的发明者 Em

25、erson is the Father of American Transcendentalism 爱默生是美国先验论之父 Thoreau is a famous practical transcendentalist 梭罗是一个著名的实用先验论者 Melville and Hawthorne are Anti-Romantics 梅尔维尔和霍桑是反浪漫主义 Dickinson and Whitman are bridge poets between American Romanticism and the 20th century 迪金森和惠特曼是20世纪与美国浪漫主义诗人之间的桥梁 The

26、 rationalistic view of urban life was replaced by the Romantic view Rationalists saw cities as a place to find success and self-realization Romantics saw the city as a place of moral corruption, poverty, and death 城市生活的理性主义的观点是浪漫的观点所取代 理性主义者将城市视为一个地方找到的成功和自我实现 浪漫主义者看到了城市的道德腐败、贫穷,和死亡 The Romantic jou

27、rney is to the countryside 浪漫的旅程是农村 The Romantics associated the country with independence, moral clarity, and purity Irving saw the country as idyllic and as an escape 欧文看到了国家作为田园 相关的浪漫的国家独立,道德明确性和纯度 和逃避Washington Irving 华盛顿欧文1. Several names attached to Irving 欧文的几个名称(1). first American writer 第一个

28、美国作家 从旧世界到新世界的使者(2). the messenger sent from the new world to the old world(3). father of American literature 美国文学之父(4). Father of the American short stories 美国短篇小说之父He was the first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame.他是第一个富有想象力的文学作品获得国际声誉的美国作家。Washington Irving has

29、 always been regarded as a writer who perfected the best classic style that American Literature ever produced. He is worth the honor of being the American Goldsmith for his literary craftsmanship.华盛顿欧文一直被认为是一个作家,“完善最好的美国文学经典的风格。”他值得被“美国金匠”的荣誉文学工艺。2. Works 作品(1). A History of New York from the Beginn

30、ing of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty 纽约外史: 从殖民地开始到荷兰统治时代的结束 见闻札记(2). The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (He won a measure of international recognition with the publication of this.) 他获得了国际认可的衡量出版(3). The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus 哥伦布生平及航海史 格兰纳达征服史事(4)

31、. A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada(5). The Alhambra 阿尔汗伯拉 (7). Life of Washington 华盛顿传(6). The Life of Goldsmith 奥利佛哥德斯密传 The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent include some stories: Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 见闻札记的两个著名故事:瑞普凡温克尔与睡谷的传说3. Literary career: two parts 文学生涯 18091832a. Subjects are either English or European 主题是英国货欧洲b. Conservative love for the antique 保守的爱的古董 18321859: back to US4. style beautiful 风格美丽的(1). gentility, urbanity, pleasantness 文雅,有礼貌,和蔼可亲(2). avoiding moralizing amusing and entertaining 避免说教有趣的(3). enveloping stories in an atmosphere