语言学名词解释.docx

1、语言学名词解释语言学名词解释Chapter 1: In troducti onI.Lin guistics: Lin guistics is gen erally defi ned as the scie ntific study of Ian guage.8.Iangue: Lange refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech com mun ity.9.parole :Parole refers to the realizati on of Ian gue in actual

2、 use.pete nee : The ideal user s kno wledge of the rules of his Ian guage.II.performanee : The actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic com muni cati on.12.la nguage : Lan guage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for huma n com muni cati on.13.design features : Design features ref

3、er to the defining properties of human Ian guage that dist in guish it from any an imal system of com muni cati on.14.arbitrari ness: Arbitrari ness refers to no logical conn ecti on betwee n meaning and sound.15.productivity: Users can understand and produce sentences that they have n ever heard be

4、fore.16.duality: Lan guage con sists of two sets of structure, with lower lever of sound, which is meanin gless, and the higher lever of meaning.17.displaceme nt: Lan guage can be used to refer to the con texts removed from the immediate situatio n of the speaker no matter how far away from the topi

5、c of conversation in time or space.18.cultural transmission: Language is culturally transmitted. It is taught and learned from on e gen eratio n to the n ext, rather tha n by in sti net.Chapter 2: Pho no logy1.pho nic medium : The meanin gful speech sound in huma n com muni cati on.2.point of view,

6、i.e.phonetics : The study of phonic medium of Ianguage and it is concerned with all sounds in t he world s Ianguages.3.articulatory phonetics : It studies sounds from the speaker how a speaker uses his speech orga ns to articulate the soun ds.4.auditory phonetics: The studies sounds from the hearer

7、point of view, i.e how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.5.acoustic phonetics: It studies the way sounds travel by looking at the sound waves, the physical means by which sounds are tran smitted through the air from one pers on to ano ther.6.voicing: the way that sounds are produced with the vi

8、bration of the voca cords.7.voiceless: the way that sounds are produced with no vibration of the voca cords.8.broad transcription: The use of letter symbols only to show the sounds or sounds seque nces in writte n form.9.narrow transcription: The use of letter symbol, together with the diacritics to

9、 show sounds in writte n form.10.diacritics: The symbols used to show detailed articulatory features of sounds.11.IPA: short for International Phonetic Alphabets, a system of symbols consistshow sounds fun cti on to dist in guish meaning.23.phon emic con trast : two similar sounds occur in the same

10、en vir onment and disti nguish meaning.pleme ntary distributio n : alloph ones of the same phon eme and they don distinguish meaning but complement each other in distribution.25.minimal pair: two different forms are identical in every way except one aThe rules to gover n the comb in ati on of sounds

11、 inThe rule assimilates one sound to another by copyingisfeature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.28.deletion rule: The rule that a sound is to be deleted although it orthographically represe nted.29.suprasegme ntal features: The pho nemic features that occur above the lev

12、el of the segme nts-syllable, word, senten ce.30.tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibrati on of the vocal cords.31.in ton ati on: Whe n pitch, stress and sound len gth are tied to the sentence rather tha n the word in isolati on, they are collectively know

13、n as inton ati on.Chapter 3: Morphology1.morphology: A branch of linguistics that studies the internal structure of words and rules for word formati on.2.open class: A group of words, which contains an unlimited number of items, and new words can be added to it.3.closed class: A relatively few words

14、, in clud ing conjun cti ons, prepositi ons andpronouns, and new words are not usually added to them.4.morpheme: The smallest un it of meaning of a Ian guage. It can not be divided without altering or destroying its meaning.5.affix: a letter or a group of letter, which is added to a word, and which

15、changes the meaning or function of the word, including prefix, infix and suffix.6.suffix: The affix, which is added to the end of a word, and which usually cha nges the part of speech of a word.7.prefix: The affix, which is added to the beg inning of a word, and which usually changes the meaning of

16、a word to its opposite.8.bound morpheme: Morpheme that can not be used alone, and it must be comb ined wit others. E.g. nent.9.free morpheme: a morpheme that can sta nd alone as a word.10.derivational morpheme: Bound morpheme, which can be added to a stem to form a new word.11.inflectional morpheme:

17、 A kind of morpheme, which are used to make grammatical categories, such as nu mber, tense and case.12.morphological rules: The ways words are formed. These rules determ ine how morphemes comb ine to form words.po und words: A comb in atio n of two or more words, which functions as asin gle words14.

18、inflection: the morphological process which adjusts words by grammatical modification, e.g. in The rains came, rain is inflected for plurality and came for past ten se.Chapter 4: Syn tax1.syntax: A branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form senten ces and the rules that gover

19、n the formati on of senten ces.2.category: It refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular Ian guage such as a senten ce, a noun phrase or a verb.6.phrase: syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called phrase, the catego

20、ry of which is determ ined by the word category around which the phrase is built.8.head: The word round which phrase is formed is termed head.9.specifier: The words on the left side of the heads are said to function as specifiers.pleme nt: The words on the right side of the heads are compleme nts.11

21、.phrase structure rule: The special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule.14.coordi nati on: Some structures are formed by joi ning two or more eleme nts of the same type with the help of a conjunction such as

22、 and or or. Such phe nomenon is known as coordi nati on.15.subcategorization: The information about a word s complement is includedin the head and termed sun categorizatio n.plementizer: Words which introduce the sentence complement are termed compleme ntizer.pleme nt clause: The sentence in troduce

23、d by the compleme ntizer is called a compleme nt clause.plement phrase: the elements, including a complementizer and a compleme nt clause is called a compleme nt phrase.19.matrix clause: the con trusct ion in which the compleme nt phrase is embedded is called matrix clause.20.modifier: the eleme nt,

24、 which specifies opti on ally expressible properties of heads is called modifier.21.transformation : a special type of rule that can move an element from one positi on to ano ther22.i nversio n : the process of tran sformati on that moves the auxiliary from the Infl position to a position to the lef

25、t of the subject, is called inversion.23.Do in serti on : In the process of forming yes-no questi on that does not contain an overt Infl, in terrogative do is in serted into an empty Infl posit on to make tran sformatio n work.24.deep structure : A level of abstract syn tactic represe ntatio n forme

26、d by the XP rule.25.surface structure : A level of syntactic representation after applying the n ecessary syn tactic moveme nt, i.e., tran sformatio n, to the deep structure. (05)26.uni versal grammar: the inn ate ness prin ciples and properties that perta in to the grammars of all huma n Ian guages

27、.Chapter 5: Sema nticsI.semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning.3.sense : Sense is concerned with the in here nt meaning of the lin guistic form. Itis the collection of all the features of the linguistic form. It is abstract and de-contexturalized. It is the aspect of mean

28、ing dictionary compilers are in terested in.4.referenee : Referenee means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world. It deals with the relati on ship betwee n the lin guistic eleme nt andthe non-li nguistic world of experie nee.5.synonymy: Synonymy refers to the sameness or close

29、similarity of meaning Words that are close in meaning are called synony ms.6.dialectal synonyms: synonyms that are used in different regional dialects.7.stylistic synonyms: synonyms that differ in style, or degree of formality.8.collocational synonyms: Synonyms that differ in their colllocation, i.e

30、., in the words they go together with.9.polysemy : The same word has more tha n one meaning.10.homonymy: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelli ng, or in both.II.homoph on es: When two words ar

31、e ide ntical in sound, they are homopho nes.12.homographs: When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs.plete homonymy: When two words are identical in both sound and spelli ng, they are complete homony ms.14.hyp onymy: Hyponymy refers to the sense relati on betwee n a more gen eral

32、, more in clusive word and a more specific word.15.superord in ate: The word which is more general in meaning is called the superord in ate.16.co-hyp ony ms: Hyponyms of the same superord in ate are co-hyp ony ms.17.antonymy: The term antonymy is used for opposite ness of meaning.20.relational opposites: Pairs if words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items are called relational opposites. For example, husba