语言学名词解释.docx

语言学名词解释.docx

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语言学名词解释

语言学名词解释

Chapter1:

Introduction

I.Linguistics:

LinguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyofIanguage.

8.Iangue:

Langereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.

9.parole:

ParolereferstotherealizationofIangueinactualuse.

petenee:

Theidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhisIanguage.

II.performanee:

Theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.

12.language:

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

13.designfeatures:

DesignfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanIanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.

14.arbitrariness:

Arbitrarinessreferstonologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningandsound.

15.productivity:

Userscanunderstandandproducesentencesthattheyhaveneverheardbefore.

16.duality:

Languageconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,withlowerleverofsound,whichismeaningless,andthehigherleverofmeaning.

17.displacement:

Languagecanbeusedtorefertothecontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationofthespeakernomatterhowfarawayfromthetopicofconversationintimeorspace.

18.culturaltransmission:

Languageisculturallytransmitted.Itistaughtandlearnedfromonegenerationtothenext,ratherthanbyinstinet.

Chapter2:

Phonology

1.phonicmedium:

Themeaningfulspeechsoundinhumancommunication.

2.

pointofview,i.e.

phonetics:

ThestudyofphonicmediumofIanguageanditisconcernedwithallsoundsintheworld'sIanguages.

3.articulatoryphonetics:

Itstudiessoundsfromthespeakerhowaspeakeruseshisspeechorganstoarticulatethesounds.

4.auditoryphonetics:

Thestudiessoundsfromthehearer'pointofview,i.ehowthesoundsareperceivedbythehearer.

5.acousticphonetics:

Itstudiesthewaysoundstravelbylookingatthesoundwaves,thephysicalmeansbywhichsoundsaretransmittedthroughtheairfromonepersontoanother.

6.voicing:

thewaythatsoundsareproducedwiththevibrationofthevocacords.

7.voiceless:

thewaythatsoundsareproducedwithnovibrationofthevocacords.

8.broadtranscription:

Theuseoflettersymbolsonlytoshowthesoundsorsoundssequencesinwrittenform.

9.narrowtranscription:

Theuseoflettersymbol,togetherwiththediacriticstoshowsoundsinwrittenform.

10.diacritics:

Thesymbolsusedtoshowdetailedarticulatoryfeaturesofsounds.

11.IPA:

shortforInternationalPhoneticAlphabets,asystemofsymbolsconsists

howsoundsfunctiontodistinguishmeaning.

23.phonemiccontrast:

twosimilarsoundsoccurinthesameenvironmentanddistinguishmeaning.

plementarydistribution:

allophonesofthesamephonemeandtheydondistinguishmeaningbutcomplementeachotherindistribution.

25.

minimalpair:

twodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptonea

Therulestogovernthecombinationofsoundsin

Theruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherbycopying

is

featureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.

28.deletionrule:

Therulethatasoundistobedeletedalthoughitorthographicallyrepresented.

29.suprasegmentalfeatures:

Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments----syllable,word,sentence.

30.tone:

Tonesarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.

31.intonation:

Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.

Chapter3:

Morphology

1.morphology:

Abranchoflinguisticsthatstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandrulesforwordformation.

2.openclass:

Agroupofwords,whichcontainsanunlimitednumberofitems,andnewwordscanbeaddedtoit.

3.closedclass:

Arelativelyfewwords,includingconjunctions,prepositionsand

pronouns,andnewwordsarenotusuallyaddedtothem.

4.morpheme:

ThesmallestunitofmeaningofaIanguage.Itcannotbedividedwithoutalteringordestroyingitsmeaning.

5.affix:

aletteroragroupofletter,whichisaddedtoaword,andwhichchangesthemeaningorfunctionoftheword,includingprefix,infixandsuffix.

6.suffix:

Theaffix,whichisaddedtotheendofaword,andwhichusuallychangesthepartofspeechofaword.

7.prefix:

Theaffix,whichisaddedtothebeginningofaword,andwhichusuallychangesthemeaningofawordtoitsopposite.

8.boundmorpheme:

Morphemethatcannotbeusedalone,anditmustbecombinedwitothers.E.g.—nent.

9.freemorpheme:

amorphemethatcanstandaloneasaword.

10.derivationalmorpheme:

Boundmorpheme,whichcanbeaddedtoastemtoformanewword.

11.inflectionalmorpheme:

Akindofmorpheme,whichareusedtomakegrammaticalcategories,suchasnumber,tenseandcase.

12.morphologicalrules:

Thewayswordsareformed.Theserulesdeterminehowmorphemescombinetoformwords.

poundwords:

Acombinationoftwoormorewords,whichfunctionsasa

singlewords

14.inflection:

themorphologicalprocesswhichadjustswordsbygrammaticalmodification,e.g.inTherainscame,rainisinflectedforpluralityandcameforpasttense.

Chapter4:

Syntax

1.syntax:

Abranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.

2.category:

ItreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularIanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseoraverb.

6.phrase:

syntacticunitsthatarebuiltaroundacertainwordcategoryarecalledphrase,thecategoryofwhichisdeterminedbythewordcategoryaroundwhichthephraseisbuilt.

8.head:

Thewordroundwhichphraseisformedistermedhead.

9.specifier:

Thewordsontheleftsideoftheheadsaresaidtofunctionasspecifiers.

plement:

Thewordsontherightsideoftheheadsarecomplements.

11.phrasestructurerule:

Thespecialtypeofgrammaticalmechanismthatregulatesthearrangementofelementsthatmakeupaphraseiscalledaphrasestructurerule.

14.coordination:

Somestructuresareformedbyjoiningtwoormoreelementsofthesametypewiththehelpofaconjunctionsuchasandoror.Suchphenomenonisknownascoordination.

15.subcategorization:

Theinformationaboutaword'scomplementisincluded

intheheadandtermedsuncategorization.

plementizer:

Wordswhichintroducethesentencecomplementaretermedcomplementizer.

plementclause:

Thesentenceintroducedbythecomplementizeriscalledacomplementclause.

plementphrase:

theelements,includingacomplementizerandacomplementclauseiscalledacomplementphrase.

19.matrixclause:

thecontrusctioninwhichthecomplementphraseisembeddediscalledmatrixclause.

20.modifier:

theelement,whichspecifiesoptionallyexpressiblepropertiesofheadsiscalledmodifier.

21.transformation:

aspecialtypeofrulethatcanmoveanelementfromonepositiontoanother

22.inversion:

theprocessoftransformationthatmovestheauxiliaryfromtheInflpositiontoapositiontotheleftofthesubject,iscalledinversion.

23.Doinsertion:

Intheprocessofformingyes-noquestionthatdoesnotcontainanovertInfl,interrogativedoisinsertedintoanemptyInflpositontomaketransformationwork.

24.deepstructure:

AlevelofabstractsyntacticrepresentationformedbytheXPrule.

25.surfacestructure:

Alevelofsyntacticrepresentationafterapplyingthenecessarysyntacticmovement,i.e.,transformation,tothedeepstructure.（05）

26.universalgrammar:

theinnatenessprinciplesandpropertiesthatpertaintothegrammarsofallhumanIanguages.

Chapter5:

Semantics

I.semantics:

Semanticscanbesimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaning.

3.sense:

Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.It

isthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform.Itisabstractandde-contexturalized.Itistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilersareinterestedin.

4.referenee:

Refereneemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld.Itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementand

thenon-linguisticworldofexperienee.

5.synonymy:

SynonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaningWordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.

6.dialectalsynonyms:

synonymsthatareusedindifferentregionaldialects.

7.stylisticsynonyms:

synonymsthatdifferinstyle,ordegreeofformality.

8.collocationalsynonyms:

Synonymsthatdifferintheircolllocation,i.e.,inthewordstheygotogetherwith.

9.polysemy:

Thesamewordhasmorethanonemeaning.

10.homonymy:

Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,i.e.,differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.

II.homophones:

Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,theyarehomophones.

12.homographs:

Whentwowordsareidenticalinspelling,theyarehomographs.

pletehomonymy:

Whentwowordsareidenticalinbothsoundandspelling,theyarecompletehomonyms.

14.hyponymy:

Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.

15.superordinate:

Thewordwhichismoregeneralinmeaningiscalledthesuperordinate.

16.co-hyponyms:

Hyponymsofthesamesuperordinateareco-hyponyms.

17.antonymy:

Thetermantonymyisusedforoppositenessofmeaning.

20.relationalopposites:

Pairsifwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitemsarecalledrelationalopposites.Forexample,husba