化合物的英文命名方法大全.ppt

1、1,化合物的英文命名,Nomenclature of compounds,2,一 无机物的命名(Inorganic compounds)1 元素与单质的命名,“元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是“element”，有时为了区别，在强调“单质”时可用“free element”。因此，单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的。下面给出的既是元素的名称，同时又是单质的名称。,3,S-block Element,IA H Hydrogen Li Lithium Na Sodium K Potassium Rb Rubidium Cs Cesium Fr Francium,IIABe BerylliumMg

2、 MagnesiumCa CalciumSr StrontiumBa BariumRa Radium,4,P-block Element,VIA VIIA 0 He HeliumO Oxygen F Fluorine Ne NeonS Sulfur Cl Chlorine Ar ArgonSe Selenium Br Bromine Kr KryptonTe Tellurium I Iodine Xe XenonPo Polonium At Astatine Rn Radon,IIIA IV A V A B Boron C Carbon N Nitrogen Al Aluminium Si S

3、ilicon P Phosphorus Ga Gallium Ge Germanium As Arsenic In Indium Sn Tin Sb Antimony Tl Thallium Pb Lead Bi Bismuth,5,Common Transition Elememt,Fe:iron Mn:manganese Cu:copper Zn:zinc Hg:mercury Ag:silver Au:gold,6,2化合物的命名,化合物的命名顺序都是根据化学式从左往右读，这与中文读法顺序是相反的。表示原子个数时使用前缀(1)mono-,(2)di-,(3)tri-,(4)tetra,(

4、5)penta-(6)hexa-,(7)hepta-,(8)octa-,(9)nona-,(10)deca-,但是在不会引起歧义时，这些前缀都尽可能被省去。,MonocrystallineDioxideTriagonaltetragonal pyramidPentagonalhexagonal,7,Naming metal ions(cations)for metal oxides,bases and salts,1.Single valence ions Cations name=Elementfor example:Na+Sodium Al3+Aluminum K+Potassium Ca

5、2+Calcium,8,2.Multivalence ions,Cations name=Element(N)For example:Fe2+Iron(II)or Ferrous Fe3+Iron(III)or Ferric Cr2+Chromium(II)Cr3+Chromium(III)Mn4+Manganese(IV)Mn2+Manganese(II),9,对于有变价的金属元素，除了可用前缀来表示以外，更 多采用罗马数字来表示金属的氧化态，或用后缀-ous表示低价，-ic表示高价。如 FeO:iron(II)oxide 或 ferrous oxide Fe2O3:iron(III)oxi

6、de或ferric oxide Cu2O:copper(I)oxide 或cuprous oxide CuO:copper(II)oxide或cupric oxide,10,Naming nonmetal ions(anions),1.Monatomic anions Anions name=Elements root-ide For example:Cl-Chloride O=Oxide Br-Bromide OH-Hydroxide I-Iodide CN-Cyanide S=Sulfide H-Hydride,11,2.Polyatomic oxyanions,(1).Acid radi

7、cals for normal salt(正酸根-ate)Anions name=Central Elements root-ate for example:ClO3-Chlorate IO3-Iodate PO43-Phosphate NO3-Nitrate SO42-Sulfate CO32-Carbonate,12,(2).Acid radicals for meta-salts(亚酸根-ite),Anions name=Central elements root-ite for example:ClO2-Chlorite IO2-Iodite PO33-Phosphite NO2-Ni

8、trite SO32-Sulfite,13,(3).Acid radicals for hypo-salts(次酸根-ite),Anions name=Hypo-Central elements root-ite for example:ClO-Hypochlorite IO-Hypoiodite PO23-Hypophosphite,14,(4).Acid radicals for persalts(高酸根Per-ate),Anions name=Per-central Elements root-atefor example:ClO4-Perchlorate IO4-Periodate M

9、nO4-Permanganate,15,Naming compounds,1.Metal oxide Metal oxide=Cation+oxidefor example:FeO Iron(II)oxide(Ferrous oxide)Fe2O3 Iron(III)oxide(Ferric oxide)Fe3O4 Ferroferric oxide Pb3O4 Trilead tetroxide Na2O2 Sodium peroxide,16,2.Nonmetal oxide,Nonmetal oxide=n-Nonmetal element+n-oxide for example:CO

10、Carbon monoxide CO2 Carbon dioxide SO3 Sulfur trioxide N2O3 Dinitrogen trioxide P2O5 Diphosphorus pentoxide N2O4 Dinitrogen tetroxide(tetra-,mono-后缀中的a,o在后一o之前省去)有些物质常用俗称,如NO:nitric oxide N2O:nitrous oxide,17,非金属氢化物,除了水和氨气使用俗称water，ammonia以外，其它的非金属氢化物都用系统名称，命名规则根据化学式的写法不同而有所不同。（1）对于卤族和氧族氢化物，在化学式中写在前

11、面，因此将其看成与另一元素的二元化合物。举例：HF hydrogen fluoride HCl hydrogen chloride HBr hydrogen bromide HI hydrogen iodide H2S hydrogen sulfide H2Se hydrogen selenide H2Te hydrogen telluride（2）对于其它族的非金属氢化物，在化学式中写在后面，可加后缀-ane，氮族还可加-ine 举例：PH3:phosphine或phosphane AsH3:arsine或arsane SbH3:stibine或stibane BiH3:bismuthane

12、 CH4:methane SiH4:silane B2H6:diborane,18,无氧酸,命名规则：hydro-词根-icacid 举例：HCl:hydrochloric acid H2S:hydrosulfuric acid,19,3.Bases,Base=Metal cation+hydroxidefor example:Al(OH)3 Aluminum hydroxide NaOH Sodium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 Calcium hydroxide Ba(OH)2 Barium hydroxide Co(OH)2 Cobalt(II)hydroxide,20,4.盐(

13、Salts),(1).正盐(Normal salt)：根据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子的名称。Normal salt=Cation+anion for example:HgSO4 Mercury(II)sulfate Hg2SO4 Mercury(I)sulfate KNO3 Potassium nitrate Na2CO3 Sodium carbonate NaClO Sodium hypochlorite FeSO4 iron(II)sulfate KMnO4 potassium permanganate,21,(2)酸式盐：(Acidic salts)同正盐的读法，酸根中的读做h

14、ydrogen，氢原子的个数用前缀表示。Acidic salt=Cation+hydrogen+anion for example:NaHSO4 Sodium hydrogen sulfate Na2HPO4 Disodium hydrogen phosphate NaH2PO4 Sodium dihydrogen phosphate Ca(HSO4)2 Calcium bisulfate NaHCO3 Sodium hydrogencarbonate 或 Sodium bicarbonate,22,(3).Basic salts,Basic salt=Cation+hydroxy-anion

15、for example:Cu2(OH)2CO3 Dicopper(II)dihydroxycarbonateCa(OH)Cl Calcium hydroxychloride Mg(OH)PO4 Magnesium hydroxyphosphate,23,(4).复盐(Mixed salts)：同正盐的读法。,Mixed salt=Cation+cation+anionfor example:NaKSO3 Sodium potassium sulfiteCaNH4PO4 Calcium ammonium phosphateAgLiCO3 Silver lithium carbonate NaNH

16、4SO4 Sodium ammonium sulfateKNaCO3 Potassium sodium carbonateNaNH4HPO4:sodium ammonium hydrogenphosphate,24,5)水合盐：结晶水读做water或hydrate如 AlCl36H2O:aluminum chloride 6-water 或 aluminum chloride hexahydrate AlK(SO4)212H2O:aluminium potassium sulfate 12-water,25,5.Acids(1).Per-,hydro-,normal acid(its salt

17、-ate,-ide),Acid=Central elements root-ic+acidfor example:H2CO3 Carbonic acid H2SO4 Sulfuric acid H3PO4 Phosphoric acid HNO3 Nitric acid HClO4 Perchloric acid HCl Hydrochloric acid,26,(2).Meta-and hypo-acid(its salt-ite)Acid=Central elements root-ous+acidfor example:H2SO3 Sulfurous acid H3PO3 Phospho

18、rous acid HNO2 Nitrous acid HClO Hypochlorous acid HClO2 Chlorous acid,27,含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子,采用前后缀的不同组合显示不同价态的含氧酸和含氧酸根阴离子，价态相同的含氧酸及含氧酸根阴离子具有相同的前缀，不同的后缀。高某酸 per-ic 正酸 ic 亚酸-ous 次酸 hypo-ous高某酸根 per-ate 正酸根 ate 亚酸根-ite 次酸根hypo-ite其它的前缀还有 ortho-正 meta-偏 thio-硫代举例：HClO4 perchloric acid ClO4-perchlorate ion HClO

19、3 chloric acid ClO3-chlorate ion HClO2 chlorous acid ClO2-chlorite ion HClO hypochlorous acid ClO-hypochlorite ion H2SO4 sulfuric acid H2SO3 sulfurous acid HNO3 nitric acid HNO2 nitrous acid HPO3 metaphosphoric acid S2O32-thiosulfate ion,28,命名时先命名阳离子部分，最后命名阴离子部分，阴离子配体以字母顺序列出，中心阳离子价态一般以罗马数字在名称后标出。KBF

20、4 potassium tetrafluoroborate(III)K4Fe(CN)6 potassium hexacyanoferrate(II)Cu(NH3)4SO4 Tetraamminecopper(II)sulfate Co(H2O)2(NH3)2(CO2)NO3 Diammine diaquacarbonatocobalt(III)nitrate,络合物的命名（Naming coordination complex）,29,Naming coordination complex,1.Ligands(1).Negative ions as ligands Ligand=Element

21、s root-ofor example:CN-Cyano NO2-Nitro F-Fluoro NO3-Nitrato Cl-Chloro CO3=Carbonato Br-Bromo CH3COO-Acetato O=Oxo H-Hydrido OH-Hydroxo-O2CCO2-Oxalato,30,(2).Neutral molecules as ligand,Ligand=Radical namefor example:NH3 Ammine CO Carbonyl H2O Aqua CH3NH2 Methylamine H2NCCNH2 Ethylenediamine,31,2.Com

22、plex ions,(1).Neutral complex or complex ions with positive charge Complex ion=n-Ligand-metal ion(N)for example:Ag(NH3)2+Diamminesilver(I)Cu(NH3)42+Tetraamminecopper(II)Co(NH3)3(NO2)3 Triamminetrinitrocobalt(III),32,常见配体的名称,33,(2).Complex ions with negative charge,Complex ion=n-Ligand-metals root-at

23、e(N)for example:Fe(CN)64-Hexafluoroferrate(II)BF4-Tetrafluoroborate(III)AlF63-Hexafluoroaluminate(III)AuCl4-Tetrachloroaurate(III),34,3.Naming complex,Complex=Cation+anionfor example:LiAlH4 Lithium tetrahydroaluminate(III)Ag(NH3)2Cl Diamminesilver(I)chloride K4Fe(CN)6 Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II)C

24、u(NH3)4SO4 Tetraamminecopper(II)sulfate Ni(CO)4 Tetracarbonylnickel(0),35,Exercise,H2SO4 HCl HNO3 HNO2HCN Na2S CuSO4 Fe(NO3)3 HClO4 KCN NH4Cl NaClONaOH Mn(OH)2 Fe2O3 P2O5H2O2 K2Cr2O7 Cu2(OH)2CO3CaHPO4 PtCl42-Ag(NH3)2Cl K4Fe(CN)6,36,Answer,H2SO4 sulfuric acid HCl hydrogen chloride or hydrochloric aci

25、dHNO3 nitric acidHNO2 nitrous acidHCN hydrogen cyanide or hydrocyanic acid Na2S sodium sulfideCuSO4 copper(II)sulfate or cupric sulfateFe(NO3)3 iron(III)nitrate or ferric nitrateHClO4 perchloric acidKCN potassium cyanideNH4Cl ammonium chloride,37,NaClO sodium hypochloriteNaOH sodium hydroxideMn(OH)2

26、 Manganese(II)hydroxide Fe2O3 iron(III)oxide or ferric oxide P2O5 Diphosphorus pentoxide H2O2 hydrogen peroxideK2Cr2O7 potassium dichromate Cu2(OH)2CO3 Dicopper(II)dihydroxycarbonateCaHPO4 calcium hydrogen phosphatePtCl42-tetrachloroplatinum(II)Ag(NH3)2Cl Diamminesilver(I)chlorideK4Fe(CN)6 Potassium

27、 hexacyanoferrate(II),Answer,38,PK,传统游戏和网络游戏中的PK：Player Kill:单挑，杀其他的玩家,39,运动中的PK Point Kick:足球中的点球(Penalty Kick罚点球)/penlti/,40,医药卫生的PKProtein Kinase 蛋白激酶 天文地理的PKPakistan 巴基斯坦,41,Good的译法,搭配能力很强常见于科技文章中Good=好的?,42,（1）美好的；良好的；令人满意的,a good knife 一把好刀 a good conductor 良导体,43,汉译时引申：a good soil 肥沃的土壤good o

28、il 提纯了的油a good money 真的货币a good river 畅通的河道good English 规范的英语,44,（2）有益的,Milk is good food for children.牛奶对小孩是有益的,45,It is no good heating the material to such a temperature.把材料加热到这样的温度是不恰当的,46,（3）能胜任的；有能力的；能干的,a good chess player 高明的棋手A good human translator一个熟练的翻译人员,47,（4）彻底的；完全的,The workers gave t

29、he machine a good checking.工人们对机器进行了彻底的检查 have a good drink 喝个痛快,48,Rivers provide good sources of hydropower.河流具有丰富的水力资源making good use of the sun充分利用太阳能来为,49,（5）、可靠的；安全的；确实的,a car with good brakes 刹车可靠的汽车a good investment 安全的投资good debts 确可偿还的债务,50,二 有机物的命名,1 烷烃（alkanes）1.1 直链烷烃 烃类化合物的命名是有机命名的基础。英

30、文名称除了含1到4个碳原子以外，其余均用希腊文和拉丁文的数词加上相应的词尾（-ane）来命名，10个碳原子以上的则在数词前加前缀un、do、tri、tetra、penta等。如：甲烷 methane 乙烷 ethane 丙烷 propane 丁烷 butane 戊烷 pentane 己烷 hexane 庚烷 heptane 辛烷 octane 壬烷 nonane 癸烷 decane 十一烷 undecane 十二烷 dodecane,51,Alkane=Number prefix-anefor example:CH4 Methane CH3CH2CH3 Propane CH3CH3 Ethan

31、e CH3(CH2)2CH3 ButaneCH3(CH2)3CH3 Pentane CH3(CH2)4CH3 HexaneCH3(CH2)5CH3 Heptane CH3(CH2)6CH3 OctaneCH3(CH2)7CH3 Nonane CH3(CH2)8CH3 Decane,52,1119Alkane=Number prefix-decanefor example:11-alkane Undecane 12-alkane Dodecane 13-alkane Tridecane 14-alkane Tetradecane 15-alkane Pentadecane 16-alkane H

32、exadecane 17-alkane Heptadecane,53,18-alkane Octadecane 19-alkane Nonadecane 20-alkane Icosane2129 Alkane=Number prefix-cosane for example:21-alkane Henicosane 22-alkane Docosane 23-alkane Tricosane 24-alkane Tetracosane 25-alkane Pentacosane,54,30-Alkane Triacontane 3139Alkane=Number prefix-triacon

33、tane for example:31-Alkane Hentriacontane 32-Alkane Dotriacontane 33-Alkane Tritriacontane 34-Alkane Tetratriacontane 35-Alkane pentatriacontane 36-Alkane Hexatriacontane,55,4090Alkane=Number prefix-contanefor example:40 Alkane Tetracontane 50 Alkane Pentacontane 60 Alkane Hexacontane 70 Alkane Heptacontane 80 Alkane Octacontane 90 Alkane Nonacontane 100 Alkane Hectane,56,1.2 含支链烷烃和烷基 命名含支链的烷烃时，可把