化合物的英文命名方法大全.ppt
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1,化合物的英文命名,Nomenclatureofcompounds,2,一无机物的命名(Inorganiccompounds)1元素与单质的命名,“元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是“element”,有时为了区别,在强调“单质”时可用“freeelement”。
因此,单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的。
下面给出的既是元素的名称,同时又是单质的名称。
3,S-blockElement,IAHHydrogenLiLithiumNaSodiumKPotassiumRbRubidiumCsCesiumFrFrancium,IIABeBerylliumMgMagnesiumCaCalciumSrStrontiumBaBariumRaRadium,4,P-blockElement,VIAVIIA0HeHeliumOOxygenFFluorineNeNeonSSulfurClChlorineArArgonSeSeleniumBrBromineKrKryptonTeTelluriumIIodineXeXenonPoPoloniumAtAstatineRnRadon,IIIAIVAVABBoronCCarbonNNitrogenAlAluminiumSiSiliconPPhosphorusGaGalliumGeGermaniumAsArsenicInIndiumSnTinSbAntimonyTlThalliumPbLeadBiBismuth,5,CommonTransitionElememt,Fe:
ironMn:
manganeseCu:
copperZn:
zincHg:
mercuryAg:
silverAu:
gold,6,2化合物的命名,化合物的命名顺序都是根据化学式从左往右读,这与中文读法顺序是相反的。
表示原子个数时使用前缀
(1)mono-,
(2)di-,(3)tri-,(4)tetra,(5)penta-(6)hexa-,(7)hepta-,(8)octa-,(9)nona-,(10)deca-,但是在不会引起歧义时,这些前缀都尽可能被省去。
MonocrystallineDioxideTriagonaltetragonalpyramidPentagonalhexagonal,7,Namingmetalions(cations)formetaloxides,basesandsalts,1.SinglevalenceionsCationsname=Elementforexample:
Na+SodiumAl3+AluminumK+PotassiumCa2+Calcium,8,2.Multivalenceions,Cationsname=Element(N)Forexample:
Fe2+Iron(II)orFerrousFe3+Iron(III)orFerricCr2+Chromium(II)Cr3+Chromium(III)Mn4+Manganese(IV)Mn2+Manganese(II),9,对于有变价的金属元素,除了可用前缀来表示以外,更多采用罗马数字来表示金属的氧化态,或用后缀-ous表示低价,-ic表示高价。
如FeO:
iron(II)oxide或ferrousoxideFe2O3:
iron(III)oxide或ferricoxideCu2O:
copper(I)oxide或cuprousoxideCuO:
copper(II)oxide或cupricoxide,10,Namingnonmetalions(anions),1.MonatomicanionsAnionsname=Elementsroot-ideForexample:
Cl-ChlorideO=OxideBr-BromideOH-HydroxideI-IodideCN-CyanideS=SulfideH-Hydride,11,2.Polyatomicoxyanions,
(1).Acidradicalsfornormalsalt(正酸根-ate)Anionsname=CentralElementsroot-ateforexample:
ClO3-ChlorateIO3-IodatePO43-PhosphateNO3-NitrateSO42-SulfateCO32-Carbonate,12,
(2).Acidradicalsformeta-salts(亚酸根-ite),Anionsname=Centralelementsroot-iteforexample:
ClO2-ChloriteIO2-IoditePO33-PhosphiteNO2-NitriteSO32-Sulfite,13,(3).Acidradicalsforhypo-salts(次酸根-ite),Anionsname=Hypo-Centralelementsroot-iteforexample:
ClO-HypochloriteIO-HypoioditePO23-Hypophosphite,14,(4).Acidradicalsforpersalts(高酸根Per-ate),Anionsname=Per-centralElementsroot-ateforexample:
ClO4-PerchlorateIO4-PeriodateMnO4-Permanganate,15,Namingcompounds,1.MetaloxideMetaloxide=Cation+oxideforexample:
FeOIron(II)oxide(Ferrousoxide)Fe2O3Iron(III)oxide(Ferricoxide)Fe3O4FerroferricoxidePb3O4TrileadtetroxideNa2O2Sodiumperoxide,16,2.Nonmetaloxide,Nonmetaloxide=n-Nonmetalelement+n-oxideforexample:
COCarbonmonoxideCO2CarbondioxideSO3SulfurtrioxideN2O3DinitrogentrioxideP2O5DiphosphoruspentoxideN2O4Dinitrogentetroxide(tetra-,mono-后缀中的a,o在后一o之前省去)有些物质常用俗称,如NO:
nitricoxideN2O:
nitrousoxide,17,非金属氢化物,除了水和氨气使用俗称water,ammonia以外,其它的非金属氢化物都用系统名称,命名规则根据化学式的写法不同而有所不同。
(1)对于卤族和氧族氢化物,在化学式中写在前面,因此将其看成与另一元素的二元化合物。
举例:
HFhydrogenfluorideHClhydrogenchlorideHBrhydrogenbromideHIhydrogeniodideH2ShydrogensulfideH2SehydrogenselenideH2Tehydrogentelluride
(2)对于其它族的非金属氢化物,在化学式中写在后面,可加后缀-ane,氮族还可加-ine举例:
PH3:
phosphine或phosphaneAsH3:
arsine或arsaneSbH3:
stibine或stibaneBiH3:
bismuthaneCH4:
methaneSiH4:
silaneB2H6:
diborane,18,无氧酸,命名规则:
hydro-词根-icacid举例:
HCl:
hydrochloricacidH2S:
hydrosulfuricacid,19,3.Bases,Base=Metalcation+hydroxideforexample:
Al(OH)3AluminumhydroxideNaOHSodiumhydroxideCa(OH)2CalciumhydroxideBa(OH)2BariumhydroxideCo(OH)2Cobalt(II)hydroxide,20,4.盐(Salts),
(1).正盐(Normalsalt):
根据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子的名称。
Normalsalt=Cation+anionforexample:
HgSO4Mercury(II)sulfateHg2SO4Mercury(I)sulfateKNO3PotassiumnitrateNa2CO3SodiumcarbonateNaClOSodiumhypochloriteFeSO4iron(II)sulfateKMnO4potassiumpermanganate,21,
(2)酸式盐:
(Acidicsalts)同正盐的读法,酸根中的读做hydrogen,氢原子的个数用前缀表示。
Acidicsalt=Cation+hydrogen+anionforexample:
NaHSO4SodiumhydrogensulfateNa2HPO4DisodiumhydrogenphosphateNaH2PO4SodiumdihydrogenphosphateCa(HSO4)2CalciumbisulfateNaHCO3Sodiumhydrogencarbonate或Sodiumbicarbonate,22,(3).Basicsalts,Basicsalt=Cation+hydroxy-anionforexample:
Cu2(OH)2CO3Dicopper(II)dihydroxycarbonateCa(OH)ClCalciumhydroxychlorideMg(OH)PO4Magnesiumhydroxyphosphate,23,(4).复盐(Mixedsalts):
同正盐的读法。
Mixedsalt=Cation+cation+anionforexample:
NaKSO3SodiumpotassiumsulfiteCaNH4PO4CalciumammoniumphosphateAgLiCO3SilverlithiumcarbonateNaNH4SO4SodiumammoniumsulfateKNaCO3PotassiumsodiumcarbonateNaNH4HPO4:
sodiumammoniumhydrogenphosphate,24,5)水合盐:
结晶水读做water或hydrate如AlCl36H2O:
aluminumchloride6-water或aluminumchloridehexahydrateAlK(SO4)212H2O:
aluminiumpotassiumsulfate12-water,25,5.Acids
(1).Per-,hydro-,normalacid(itssalt-ate,-ide),Acid=Centralelementsroot-ic+acidforexample:
H2CO3CarbonicacidH2SO4SulfuricacidH3PO4PhosphoricacidHNO3NitricacidHClO4PerchloricacidHClHydrochloricacid,26,
(2).Meta-andhypo-acid(itssalt-ite)Acid=Centralelementsroot-ous+acidforexample:
H2SO3SulfurousacidH3PO3PhosphorousacidHNO2NitrousacidHClOHypochlorousacidHClO2Chlorousacid,27,含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子,采用前后缀的不同组合显示不同价态的含氧酸和含氧酸根阴离子,价态相同的含氧酸及含氧酸根阴离子具有相同的前缀,不同的后缀。
高某酸per-ic正酸ic亚酸-ous次酸hypo-ous高某酸根per-ate正酸根ate亚酸根-ite次酸根hypo-ite其它的前缀还有ortho-正meta-偏thio-硫代举例:
HClO4perchloricacidClO4-perchlorateionHClO3chloricacidClO3-chlorateionHClO2chlorousacidClO2-chloriteionHClOhypochlorousacidClO-hypochloriteionH2SO4sulfuricacidH2SO3sulfurousacidHNO3nitricacidHNO2nitrousacidHPO3metaphosphoricacidS2O32-thiosulfateion,28,命名时先命名阳离子部分,最后命名阴离子部分,阴离子配体以字母顺序列出,中心阳离子价态一般以罗马数字在名称后标出。
KBF4potassiumtetrafluoroborate(III)K4Fe(CN)6potassiumhexacyanoferrate(II)Cu(NH3)4SO4Tetraamminecopper(II)sulfateCo(H2O)2(NH3)2(CO2)NO3Diamminediaquacarbonatocobalt(III)nitrate,络合物的命名(Namingcoordinationcomplex),29,Namingcoordinationcomplex,1.Ligands
(1).NegativeionsasligandsLigand=Elementsroot-oforexample:
CN-CyanoNO2-NitroF-FluoroNO3-NitratoCl-ChloroCO3=CarbonatoBr-BromoCH3COO-AcetatoO=OxoH-HydridoOH-Hydroxo-O2CCO2-Oxalato,30,
(2).Neutralmoleculesasligand,Ligand=Radicalnameforexample:
NH3AmmineCOCarbonylH2OAquaCH3NH2MethylamineH2NCCNH2Ethylenediamine,31,2.Complexions,
(1).NeutralcomplexorcomplexionswithpositivechargeComplexion=n-Ligand-metalion(N)forexample:
Ag(NH3)2+Diamminesilver(I)Cu(NH3)42+Tetraamminecopper(II)Co(NH3)3(NO2)3Triamminetrinitrocobalt(III),32,常见配体的名称,33,
(2).Complexionswithnegativecharge,Complexion=n-Ligand-metalsroot-ate(N)forexample:
Fe(CN)64-Hexafluoroferrate(II)BF4-Tetrafluoroborate(III)AlF63-Hexafluoroaluminate(III)AuCl4-Tetrachloroaurate(III),34,3.Namingcomplex,Complex=Cation+anionforexample:
LiAlH4Lithiumtetrahydroaluminate(III)Ag(NH3)2ClDiamminesilver(I)chlorideK4Fe(CN)6Potassiumhexacyanoferrate(II)Cu(NH3)4SO4Tetraamminecopper(II)sulfateNi(CO)4Tetracarbonylnickel(0),35,Exercise,H2SO4HClHNO3HNO2HCNNa2SCuSO4Fe(NO3)3HClO4KCNNH4ClNaClONaOHMn(OH)2Fe2O3P2O5H2O2K2Cr2O7Cu2(OH)2CO3CaHPO4PtCl42-Ag(NH3)2ClK4Fe(CN)6,36,Answer,H2SO4sulfuricacidHClhydrogenchlorideorhydrochloricacidHNO3nitricacidHNO2nitrousacidHCNhydrogencyanideorhydrocyanicacidNa2SsodiumsulfideCuSO4copper(II)sulfateorcupricsulfateFe(NO3)3iron(III)nitrateorferricnitrateHClO4perchloricacidKCNpotassiumcyanideNH4Clammoniumchloride,37,NaClOsodiumhypochloriteNaOHsodiumhydroxideMn(OH)2Manganese(II)hydroxideFe2O3iron(III)oxideorferricoxideP2O5DiphosphoruspentoxideH2O2hydrogenperoxideK2Cr2O7potassiumdichromateCu2(OH)2CO3Dicopper(II)dihydroxycarbonateCaHPO4calciumhydrogenphosphatePtCl42-tetrachloroplatinum(II)Ag(NH3)2ClDiamminesilver(I)chlorideK4Fe(CN)6Potassiumhexacyanoferrate(II),Answer,38,PK,传统游戏和网络游戏中的PK:
PlayerKill:
单挑,杀其他的玩家,39,运动中的PKPointKick:
足球中的点球(PenaltyKick罚点球)/penlti/,40,医药卫生的PKProteinKinase蛋白激酶天文地理的PKPakistan巴基斯坦,41,Good的译法,搭配能力很强常见于科技文章中Good=好的?
42,
(1)美好的;良好的;令人满意的,agoodknife一把好刀agoodconductor良导体,43,汉译时引申:
agoodsoil肥沃的土壤goodoil提纯了的油agoodmoney真的货币agoodriver畅通的河道goodEnglish规范的英语,44,
(2)有益的,Milkisgoodfoodforchildren.牛奶对小孩是有益的,45,Itisnogoodheatingthematerialtosuchatemperature.把材料加热到这样的温度是不恰当的,46,(3)能胜任的;有能力的;能干的,agoodchessplayer高明的棋手Agoodhumantranslator一个熟练的翻译人员,47,(4)彻底的;完全的,Theworkersgavethemachineagoodchecking.工人们对机器进行了彻底的检查haveagooddrink喝个痛快,48,Riversprovidegoodsourcesofhydropower.河流具有丰富的水力资源makinggooduseofthesun充分利用太阳能来为,49,(5)、可靠的;安全的;确实的,acarwithgoodbrakes刹车可靠的汽车agoodinvestment安全的投资gooddebts确可偿还的债务,50,二有机物的命名,1烷烃(alkanes)1.1直链烷烃烃类化合物的命名是有机命名的基础。
英文名称除了含1到4个碳原子以外,其余均用希腊文和拉丁文的数词加上相应的词尾(-ane)来命名,10个碳原子以上的则在数词前加前缀un、do、tri、tetra、penta等。
如:
甲烷methane乙烷ethane丙烷propane丁烷butane戊烷pentane己烷hexane庚烷heptane辛烷octane壬烷nonane癸烷decane十一烷undecane十二烷dodecane,51,Alkane=Numberprefix-aneforexample:
CH4MethaneCH3CH2CH3PropaneCH3CH3EthaneCH3(CH2)2CH3ButaneCH3(CH2)3CH3PentaneCH3(CH2)4CH3HexaneCH3(CH2)5CH3HeptaneCH3(CH2)6CH3OctaneCH3(CH2)7CH3NonaneCH3(CH2)8CH3Decane,52,1119Alkane=Numberprefix-decaneforexample:
11-alkaneUndecane12-alkaneDodecane13-alkaneTridecane14-alkaneTetradecane15-alkanePentadecane16-alkaneHexadecane17-alkaneHeptadecane,53,18-alkaneOctadecane19-alkaneNonadecane20-alkaneIcosane2129Alkane=Numberprefix-cosaneforexample:
21-alkaneHenicosane22-alkaneDocosane23-alkaneTricosane24-alkaneTetracosane25-alkanePentacosane,54,30-AlkaneTriacontane3139Alkane=Numberprefix-triacontaneforexample:
31-AlkaneHentriacontane32-AlkaneDotriacontane33-AlkaneTritriacontane34-AlkaneTetratriacontane35-Alkanepentatriacontane36-AlkaneHexatriacontane,55,4090Alkane=Numberprefix-contaneforexample:
40AlkaneTetracontane50AlkanePentacontane60AlkaneHexacontane70AlkaneHeptacontane80AlkaneOctacontane90AlkaneNonacontane100AlkaneHectane,56,1.2含支链烷烃和烷基命名含支链的烷烃时,可把