高考定语从句详解及注意事项.docx

1、高考定语从句详解及注意事项2021年高考定语从句详解及注意事项定语从句1、定语可以由形容词，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句2、定语从句用来修饰名词，代词或整个主句3、定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。4、定语从句存在的条件:先行词+关系词+从句5、定语从句的构成步骤：1）找出先行词a确定从句中关系代词的人称和数。b确定定语从句的位置（一般定语从句都紧跟在先行词后）2）确定关系代词在从句中所担当的成分，以确定关系代词的格。3）确

2、定从句时态，根据实际情况确定定语从句的时态（它的时态和语态都不受主句的限制）。（一）定语从句及相关术语1、定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。2、关系词：引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词常有3个作用：1. 引导定语从句 2. 代替先行词 3. 在定语从句中担当一个成分（二）关系代词引导的定语从句1.who指人，在从句中做主语(1) The boys who are playing footbal

3、l are from Class One.(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.注意：当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，谓语动词应与先行词的人称和数保持一致。(1) I, who am your best friend, will do all that I can to help you.(2) The family, who are fond of music, go to the concert once a month.(3) He is one of the boys in our class who speak Engl

4、ish well.（one of +复数名词+关系代词引导的定语从句谓语动词用复数形式）(4) He is the only one of the boys in our class who speaks English well.the (only；very；right) one of +复数名词+关系代词引导的定语从句谓语动词用单数形式）2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当动词或介词的宾语，常可省略。(1) Mr. Liu is the person whom you talked about on the bus.（whom 作介词about的宾语）(2) Mr. Ling is jus

5、t the boy whom I want to see. （whom作see的宾语）注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who或that代替，可省略，比如:Do you know the boywhom/who/thatmy mother is talking to?注意：如果介词后面只能用whom，例如：Do you know the boyto whommy mother is talking?3.which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.(2) This is

6、 the pen (which) he bought yesterday.4. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。(1) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.(2) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语(1) He has a friend whose father is a

7、doctor.(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.(5) Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?(6) Do you like the book the color of which is

8、 yellow?6but作关系词只能引导限制性定语从句，同具有否定意思的主句连用，相当于thatnot, whonot或whichnot。(1) There is not a single student in my class but would like to study more. （but = whonot ）(2) There are very few but are against war （but = whonot）（四）关系副词引导的定语从句1. when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语(1) I still remember the day when I first came

9、to the school.(2) The time when we got together finally came.2. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.3. why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.(2) I dont know the reason why he l

10、ooks unhappy today.注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear.(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born.（五）判

11、断关系代词与关系副词方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you.This is the mountain village where I visited last year. （ ）I will never forget the days when I spent in the

12、countryside. （ ）This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. （ ）Ill never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.（ ）方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days age?A. whereB. that C. on which D. the one2. Is this the museum _ t

13、he exhibition was held.A. whereB. that C. on whichD. the one答案：例1变为肯定句： This museum is _ you visited a few days ago例2变为肯定句： This is the museum _ the exhibition was held.（六）介词+关系词：关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时, 从句常由介词+关系代词引导。1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。(1)The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.(2) The schoo

14、l in which he once studied is very famous.(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.(4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.(5) Well go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.(6) Well go to hear the famous singer about wh

15、om we have often talked.2）that前不能有介词。3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的介词+关系词结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。(1) This is the house in which I lived two years ago.(2) This is the house where I lived two years ago.(3) Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?(4) Do you remember the day when you joined our club

16、?注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. ( )(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. ( )2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. ( )(2) The man wh

17、o/that you talked with is my friend. ( )(3) The plane on which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. ( )(4) The plane on that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. ( )3. “介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词(1) He loved his parents deeply,both of whomare very k

18、ind to him.(2) In the basket there are quite many apples,some of whichhave gone bad.(3) There are forty students in our class in all,most of whomare from big cities.（七）关系代词that, 在从句中可以做宾语和主语，做宾语时可以省略。在定语从句中,有种说法叫关宾省,意思是关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语可以省略,不管是that，which，还是whom1、that和which1) 当先行词是anything, everything

19、, nothing(something也可用which),few, little, all, none, the one, some, much, any等不定代词时，或者是由all， every， each， few，little， much， no， some， any等修饰时用that：(1) Have you taken downeverything thatMr. Li has said?(2)There seems to benothing thatseems impossible for him in the world.(3)All thatcan be done has be

20、en done.(4) There islittle(much) thatI can do for you.(5) Please tell meanything thatyou know about the matter.(6) There islittle work thatis fit for you.(7) You can takeany seat thatis free.(8)Any man that/whohas a sense of duty wont do such a thing.(9) I meanthe one thatyou talked about just now.(

21、10) He is one ofthe few thatcan work it out in five minutes.(11) There issomething (which; that)Id like to tell you. (something也可用which)注意：当先行词为all指人或anyone，everyone，No one，anybody，everybody，somebody时用who2) 当先行词是序数词或是被序数词修饰，包括the last, the next：(1)The first place thatthey visited in London was the B

22、ig Ben.(2) When people talk about the cities of China,the first thatcomes to my mind is Beijing.(3) Thelast/next thing thatyou should do is to work out a plan.3) 当先行词为形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时(1) This isthe best film thatI have seen.(2)The best thatI could do was to apologize.4) 当先行词被the very，the only，the j

23、ust，the same，one of等修饰时(1) This isthe very good dictionary thatI want to buy.(2)The only thing that we could do was to wait.(3) This isthe very book thatIm looking for.(4) This isone of the presents thatmy parents gave me on my birthday.注意：先行词被the same修饰时，关系代词也可用as, 但是意义不同。This isthe same watch that

24、I have lost.这就是我丢的那只表。（表是我的）This isthe same watch asI have lost. 这和我丢的那只表一样。（表不是我的）5) 当先行词是疑问代词who，which，what或主句以这些词开头时。(1)Whois the manthat is standing there?(2)Who that has ever worked together with himdoesnt admire him? 曾经和他一起工作过的谁不钦佩他？(3)Whichis the starthat is nearer to the earth？6) 当先行词既有人，也有动

25、物或者物体时，或先行词是集体名词时。(1) Can you rememberthe scientist and his story thatwe have learned?(2) They are talking ofthe heroes thatinterest them.7) 当先行词为主句表语或关系代词为从句表语时，不管先行词是人还是物一律用that。(1) Mary is notthe girl thatshe used to be.(2) Thatsa good book thatwill help you a lot.(3) Our school is no longerthe p

26、lace thatit used to be.8) time做先行词，前面有序数词和last修饰时，引导定语从句不能用when，用that 或两者都不用。(1) The first time I saw him was in 1980.(2) This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson.注意：在themoment,the minute, the instant,every/each time, any time的结构中，一般用that代替when, 但是习惯上什么词都不填，例如：(1) Every time I catch a co

27、ld, I have pain in my back.(2) The machine starts the minute the button is pressed.9) 当先行词是表示原因或方式（way，reason）的名词时，可以用that引导定语从句（that可以省略），相当于介词+which例如：(1) She likes the child for the veryreason that(=for which) she loves his father.(2) He didnt likethe way that(=in which) she speaks to his mother.

28、(3)the speed that(=at which) he drives the car.(4)The reason(that /for which /why) he came here was to ask for our help.注意：关系副词在time, day,moment, reason, place后可省略(1) I meet up with Julieevery time (when)I go to Washington.(2) Thatsthe reason (why)I did it.(3) This isthe place (where)we met yesterda

29、y.(4) I rememberthe moment (when)I first saw him.2、只能使用which的情况，which能引导非限制性定语从句，that则不行。1）在“介词关系代词”结构中，关系代词必须用which。如：The housein whichwe live is very large. This is the bookof whichthe teacher is speaking.注意： 如果介词不放在修饰事物的限定性定语从句的句首， which就可换为that。2）先行词为“those复数名词”时， 关系代词通常只用which而不用that。 如：You sho

30、uld takethose maps whichmay be used in the future work.3）如果有两个定语从句其中一个用that，另一个用which，或当先行词本身是that且指物时。Let me show youthe book thatI borrowed fromthe library whichwas newly opened to us.Ive foundthat whichI was looking for. The clock isthat whichtells the time.4）当关系代词和他的动词被一个短语或从句隔开用which（物） 或 who（人

31、）。Money wasthe first thing which，on the death of the father，interested the sons.I can helpany man who,in case he is in trouble, needs my help.3、多用who 的情况先行词为all, anyone , ones , one，thoseOne whodoesnt work hard will never succeed in his work .Those whowere either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth.当先行词和定语从句被分割开时用who或which：I meta foreignerin the street yesterdaywho could ask me questions in Chinese.A new teacherwill come tomor