市营1201经贸英语翻译.docx

1、市营1201经贸英语翻译Page1331-3段INTENATIONALTRADEANDEXCHANGERATES国际贸易和汇率As we go about our daily lives,it is easy to overlook the importance of international exchange.在我们的日常生活中，人们很容易忽视国际交流的重要性。America ships enormous volumes of food,airplanes,computers,and construction machinery to other countries;and in retu

2、rn we get vast quantities of oil , VCRs,cars,kiwi fruits,and other goods and services.美国食品历史卷的船舶，飞机和建筑机械，电脑，和其他国家的回报；我们得到广泛的进口石油，汽车，vcrs，猕猴桃果实和其他用品和服务。Even more important for most countries are the new products and services that have over the years derived from other regions.对大多数国家来说更重要的是，新的产品和服务，有来

3、自其他地区的年。While we may produce most of our national output,it is sobering to reflect how much our consumption-including clocks,railroads,accounting,penicillin,radar,and the Beatles-originates in the ingenuity of long-forgotten people in faraway places.虽然我们可能产生的国民产出，这是发人深省的反映多少我们的消费包括时钟，铁路，会计，青霉素，雷达，和披

4、头士起源于遗忘很久的远方的人的聪明才智。What are the economic forces that lie behind international trade?这背后的国际贸易的经济力量是什么?Simply put,trade promotes specialization,and specialization increases productivity.简单的说，贸易促进专业化，专业化提高生产率。Over the long run,increased trade and higher productivity raise living standards for all nati

5、ons.从长远来看，贸易的增加和更高的生产率提高了所有国家的生活水平。Gradually,countries have realized that opening up their economies to the global trading system is the most secure road to prosperity.渐渐地，国家已经意识到开放经济对全球贸易体系是最安全的繁荣之路。In this final part,we survey the principles governing international trade and finance,which is the s

6、ystem by which nations export and import goods,services,and financial capital.在最后一部分中，我们调查的原则，国际贸易与金融，这是由该国的进出口货物，系统服务，资本和金融资本。International economics involves many of the most controversial questions of the day:Why dose the United States benefit from importing almostone-quarter of its automobiles a

7、nd half of its petroleum?国际经济学涉及许多天中最具争议的问题：为什么美国受益于进口几乎四分之一的汽车和它的石油一半吗？What are the advantages to the United States, Canada,and Mexico of free-trade region?在美国，加拿大的优势是什么，以及免税贸易区墨西哥？Is there wisdom in the European countriesadopting a common currency?在欧洲各国采取共同货币是有智慧的？And why has the United States bec

8、ome the worlds largest debtor country in the last decade?为什么美国成为世界上最大的债务国在过去的十年中？The economic stakes are high in finding wise answers to these questions.经济风险在寻找这些问题的答案是明智的。Page133-134 （包括133页剩余部分和134页开头部分）How does the analysis of international trade differ from that of domestic markets?There are thr

9、ee differences:怎样分析国际贸易与国内市场的不同，从三个方面来看:Expanded trading opportunities.The major advantage of international trade isthat it expands trading horizons.1、贸易机会：国际贸易的主要优势是它扩大贸易的范围，If people were forced to consume only what they produced at home, the world would be poorer on both thematerialand the spirit

10、ual planes.如果人们被迫自产自销，人们将在物质和精神方面更加贫瘠,Canadianscould drink no wine, Americans could eat no bananas, and most of the world would be without jazz andHollywoodmovies.加拿大人能够不喝酒,美国人能够不吃香蕉,则世界大部分将没有爵士乐和好莱坞电影Sovereign nations.Trading across frontiers involves people and firm living in difference nations.2、

11、主权国家：交易跨领域涉及到的人和不同国家的企业生活,Each nation is a sovereign entity which regulates the flow of people, goods, and finance crossing its borders.每个国家都是一个人口,商品和金融穿越边境流动规则的主权实体,This contrasts with domestic trade, where there is a single currency, trade and money flow freely within the borders, and people can m

12、igrate easily to seek new opportunities.这是和国内市场的反差,其中有一个单一的货币,交易和钱在边境中自由流动,人们能够容易的移居来寻找新的机会,Sometimes, political barriers to trade are erected when affected groups object to foreign trade and nations impose tariffs or quotas.有时,贸易中政治上的障碍被正立,当它影响组织对于国外贸易和国家征收关税和配额的时候.This practice,calledprotectionism

13、, is analyzed in the next chapter.这个实践,被叫做贸易保护主义,在下一章中被解释.Exchange rates.Most nations have their own currencies.3、汇率：大多数国家有它们自己的货币,Iwant to pay for aJapanesecar in dollars, whileToyotawants to be paid inJapaneseyen.我像用美元买一辆日本车,而日本丰田汽车公司想被用日元支付,The international financial system must ensure a smooth

14、flow of dollars, yen, and other currencies or else risk a breakdown in trade.国际金融体系必须保证美元,人民币,和其他货币的流动转换,或者贸易上的其他风险P134-135（134页下半部分和135页上半部分）TRENDS IN FOREING TRADE对外贸易的发展趋势We begin by examining the patterns of international trade.我们开始研究国际贸易的模式。Figure 34-1 is a trade map,showing how the world would

15、 look if each countrys geographical size were proportional to its share of world trade.图34-1是贸易地图，显示出如果每个国家的地理区域的大小是其在世界贸易中的份额比例这个世界会怎样看。Notice how large the United States, Western Europe， and Japan loom， while tiny Hong Kong appears larger than India.注意到大的美国、西欧和日本，而小香港似乎比印度大。An economy that engages

16、 in international trade is called an open economy.从事于国际贸易的经济被称为开放经济。A useful measure of openness is the ratio of a countrys exports or imports to its GDP.开放性的有用的措施是一个国家出口或进口到国内生产总值的比率。Figure 34-2 shows the trend in the shares of imports and exports for the United States.图34-2显示美国的进口和出口股的走势，It shows

17、the dip in the trade share during the trade wars of the 1930s,followed by the steady expansion of trade with lower trade barriers over the last three decades.它表明了上世纪30年代的贸易战争期间，在30年代的最后3年美国在贸易中的份额下降，其次是贸易稳步扩大和贸易壁垒的降低。Still, the United States is a relatively self-sufficient economy.不过美国是一个相对自给自足的经济。M

18、any nations,particularly in Western Europe and East Asia, are highly open economies and export and import more than 50 percent of their GDP.许多国家，尤其是西欧和东亚是高度开放的经济体，出口和进口超过其国内生产总值的50%The degree of openness is much highly in many U.S. Industries, such as steel, textiles, consumer electronics, and autos

19、, than it is for the U.S.economy as a whole.在美国许多行业的开放程度，如钢铁、纺织、电子、汽车，比把美国经济看做一个经济整体的开放程度要高得多。Table 34-1 on page 676 shows the commodity composition of U.S.foreign trade for 1996.676页表34-1上显示美国1996年的对外贸易商品结构。These data reveal that despite being an advanced industrial economy, the united states expor

20、ts surprisingly large amounts of primary commodities (such as food)and imports large quantities of sophisticated, capital-intensive manufactured goods (like automobiles and telecommunications equipment) .这些数据表明，尽管是一个先进的工业经济，美国也会令人惊讶的出口大量的初级产品（如食品）和进口大量的复杂的，资本密集型的产品（如汽车和通讯设备）。Moreover, we find a grea

21、t deal of two-way,or intraindustry ，trade.而且，我们发现大量的双向贸易，或产业内贸易。Within a particular industry, the United States both exports and imports at the same time because a high degree of product differentiation means that different countries tend to have niches in different parts of a market.在一个特定的行业，在同一时间美

22、国的出口和进口会产生高度的产品差异化，这意味着不同的国家往往有一个市场中不同部分的壁龛。（下面挨着.THE SOURSCES OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN GOODS AND SERVICES国际商品与服务贸易的来源What are the economic factors that lie behind the patterns of international trade?Nations find it beneficial to participate in international trade for several reasons:because of div

23、ersity in the conditions of production ,because of decreasing costs of production,And because of differences in tastes among nations.国际贸易下的经济因素有什么？基于以下几点原因，各国发现参与国际贸易是有益的：可以增加生产条件的多样性，可以降低生产成本，适应各民族之间不同品味。Figure 43-2. Growing U.S. Openness图43-2. 美国开放率增长情况Like all major market economies,the United St

24、ates has increasingly opened its borders to foreign trade over the last half-century. The result is a growing share of output and consumption involved in international trade.in the late 1980s,imports far outdistanced exports,causing the United State to become the worlds largest debtor nation.(Source

25、: U.S. Department of Commerce.)像所有的主要市场经济体一样，美国在后半个世纪里逐步打开了国外贸易的大门。结果是美国国际贸易的产量和消费量的增长。在1980年后，进口远远超越出口,使得美国成为世界上最大的债务国。（出自：美国商务部）Imports and exports as a share of GDP(percent)进口和出口占GDP的比例（百分比）Great Depression经济大萧条时期World War II二战时期European Reconstruction欧洲重建Vietnam War越南战争Oil-price increase油价提高Grow

26、ing trade deficits贸易赤字增长Share of each commodity as percent of total每个商品总额的百分之份额Commodity classification商品分类Exports出口imports进口Industrial supplies 工业用品Food and beverages食品和饮料Petroleum and petroleum products石油和石油产品Other其他Manufactures制造Capital goods资本货物Computers and related equipment计算机及相关设备Civilian air

27、craft and related equipment民用飞机及相关设备Other capital goods其他资本货物Automotive vehicles and parts汽车及汽车零件Consumer goods消费品OtherTotallTABLE 34-1. The United States Exports Surprising Amounts of Primary Goods and Imports Many Manufactures美国出口量惊人初级产品和进口许多制造商The United Stated exports a large volume of primary c

28、ommodities, especially food and coal, mainly because of its ample natural resources. At the same time, it imports many manufactured goods, like cars and cameras, because other counties specialize in different market niches and enjoy economies of scale. (Source: U. S. Department of Commerce)美国出口大量的初级

29、商品，特别是食品和煤炭，主要是因为其丰富的自然资源。同时，进口许多制成品，如汽车和数码相机，因为其他国家从事不同的细分市场，并享受规模经济。（来源：美国商务部）Diversiy in Natural Resources自然资源的多样性Trade may take place because of the diversity in productive possibilities among counties. In part, these differencesreflect endowments of natural resources. One county may be blessed

30、with a supply of petroleum, while another may have a large amount of fertile land. Or a mountainous county may generate large amount of hydroelectric power which it sells to its neighbors, while a county with deep-water harbors may become a shipping center.贸易可能发生在生产可能性，县与县之间的多样性。在某种程度上，这些差异反映自然资源禀赋。一个县可拥有的石油供应，而另一个可能有大量的肥沃的土地。或是一个山区县可能产生大量的水力发电卖给邻居，而深水港口县可能成为一个航运中心。Differences in tastesA secend cause of trade lies in preferences .even if the conditions of production were identical in all regions,countries might engage in trade if their tastes for goods were differe