完整版文体学课堂总结.docx

1、完整版文体学课堂总结 Brief Summary of StylisticsGeneral Stylistics is the science which explores how readers interact with the languages of texts in order to explain how we understand and are affected by texts when we read them. The stylistic mainly concerns about the examination of grammar, lexis, semantics,

2、 as well as phonological properties and discursive devices. Its developing and not come to maturity now. According to different standards, the stylistics mainly divide into two major types ：linguistic stylistics and literary stylistics. And there are many school of stylistics such as lingvo-stylisti

3、cs, literary stylistics, applied stylistics, contrastive stylistics, applied stylistics and so on. In the basic notions of stylistics, the通述文体学是为一门教我们怎么更好的使用语言的一门学科，主要关注语法，词汇，语义，语音特征和表达手段。文体学目前是不完善的，处于发展阶段。根据不同的标准，文体学分为两大类：普通文体学和文学文体学.并且文体学有许多不同的学派，如形式文体学，话语文体学，文学文体学，应用文体学，社会文体学，认知文体学，比较文体学等。在文体学的基本

4、概念中，expressive means and the stylistic devices should be noticed. Expressive means of the language are units of different language levels: phonetic, morphological, word-building, syntactic, lexical, phraseological, which serve the purpose of logical and emotional intensification of the utterances. A

5、 stylistic device is a generalized pattern, which activates a conscious and intentional intensification of a certain property of a language unit, designed to achieve a particular artistic effect. Stylistics origins from the ancient classical rhetoric, especially the rhetoric of Aristotle. But the mo

6、dern stylistics roots in Russian Formalism and the related Prague School of the early twentieth century. In the early twentieth century, the famous person of stylistics is Charles Bally and in the late twentieth century is Roman Jakobson.值得注意的是表达方式和文体手段。表达方式是表述特定内容所使用的特定的语言方法，手段。文体手段为达成特定的艺术效果所普遍认可的

7、特定组合。 文体学起源于古老的经典修辞学，特别是亚里士多德的修辞论.但现代文体学起源于俄罗斯的形式主义和20世纪早期的相关的布拉格学派。20世纪早期的代表人物是法国的巴特利，20世纪晚期的则是罗曼雅各布森。It is clear that the Stylistics has much contacts with Rhetoric,. Rhetoric is the art of discourse, an art that aims to improve the capability of writers or speakers to inform, persuade, or motivat

8、e particular audiences in specific situations. Its best known definition comes from Aristotle, who considers it a counterpart of both logic and politics, and calls it “the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion.”Rhetoric About the history of Rhetoric, Rhetoric has i

9、ts origins in Mesopotamia. And In ancient Egypt, rhetoric had existed since at least the Middle Kingdom period .The Egyptians held eloquent speaking in high esteem, and it was a skill that had a very high value in their society.文体学和修辞学密不可分。修辞，是依据题旨情景，运用各种表现手段方法，对语言材料进行加工，提高语言表达效果的一种活动，而研究这种提高语言表达效果规

10、律的科学，就叫做修辞学。西方修辞学发展史上，真正将修辞界定为一门学科的人是亚里士多德，他将修辞学界定为”在每一件事上发现可用的说服手段的能力。”修辞学修辞起源于美索不达米亚.在古埃及，修辞学自中王国时期就存在，古埃及人关注雄辩，认为修辞学在社会生活中具有重大价值。The “Egyptian rules of rhetoric” also clearly specified that “knowing when not to speak is essential, and very respected, rhetorical knowledge.” Their “approach to rhet

11、oric” was thus a “balance between eloquence and wise silence.” Their rules of speech also strongly emphasized “adherence to social behaviors that support a conservative status quo” and they held that “skilled speech should support, not question, society.” In ancient China, rhetoric dates back to the

12、 Chinese philosopher, Confucius. In ancient Greece, the earliest mention of oratorical skill occurs in Homers Iliad. At the turn of the 20th century, there was a revival of rhetorical study manifested in the establishment of departments of rhetoric and speech at academic institutions, as well as the

13、 formation of national and international professional organizations.埃及的修辞原则明确定义：知道什么时候不说话是必不可少的，而且了解非常受人尊敬和修辞的知识. 古埃及的修辞手法是雄辩和智慧的沉默的平衡。他们演讲的原则强调坚持保持现状的社会行为，并且他们认为好的演讲应该是受人支持的，有利于社会的，而不是被人质疑的。在古中国，修辞回溯到中国的哲学家孔子和他的追随者。在古希腊，最早涉及的是河马的伊利亚特。20世纪见证了修辞学的再次兴起。当代学者继续在数世纪的修辞传统上添砖加瓦，重新解释修辞学来说明人类交流的重要性Rhetoric t

14、ypically provide heuristics for understanding discovering and developing arguments for particular situations. And we should know the Aristotles three persuasive audience appeals:logos, pathos, and ethos. And the five canons of rhetoric:invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery.invention (t

15、he process of developing arguments);style (determining how to present the arguments); arrangement (organizing the arguments for extreme effect); delivery (the gestures, pronunciation, tone and pace used when presenting the persuasive arguments); memory (the process of learning and memorizing the spe

16、ech and persuasive messages.)修辞学通常提供在特定条件下，关于理解，认知和论据的探索法.关于修辞，我们需要知道亚里士多德的修辞学三种劝说方式:逻辑诉求，情感诉求，人格诉求，以及修辞五艺:取材，布局谋篇，朗诵法，表达技巧，默记：取材建立论据的过程；表达技巧如何表述布局谋略决定如何表达论据；朗诵法手势，发音，语调，表达论据的步骤；默记学习和记忆演讲信息的过程Grammar The system of transitivity is a particular grammatical facility used for capturing experience in lan

17、guage is the system of transitivity. In this system, it contain six process(the participant ): Material processes (actor, goal) Mental processes (senser, phenomenon)Behavioural processes ( behaver)Processes of verbalization (sayer, verbiage, receiver)Relational processes(carrier, attribute, identifi

18、ed, identifier, possessed, possessor)Existential processes (existent)语法及物性系统是一个语义系统，他把人们的经验表达出来，并指明过程所涉及的参与者和环境成分。在这个系统中，分为六个过程类型(括号内为其参与者)：物质过程（动作着，目标），心理过程（感觉者，现象），行为过程（行为者）, 言语过程（说话者，说话内容，受话者），关系过程（载体，属性，被识别者，识别者，被占有者，占有者）存在过程（存在物）。A basic model of grammar should contain: sentence (or clause comp

19、lex), clause, phrase (or group), word, morpheme.Four basic elements of clause structure： the Subject (S), the Predicator (P), the Complement (C) and the Adjunct (A).an SPCA pattern。 We should notice that SPCA is the basic pattern of clause structure. But other types are existing such as Imperative c

20、lauses, Interrogative clauses, and Declarative clauses. To test for the subject, complement and adjunct elements of clause structure, we can ask various questions around the verb.语法的基本模型应该包含：句子，从句，词组，单词，语素。句子结构的四个基本要素： 主语，谓语，补语，修饰语。值得注意的是主谓补修是基本结构，但是其他类型也存在，例如祈使句，疑问句和陈述句。而且要检验句子的基本要素，我们可以围绕动词询问一系列问题

21、。Stylistic devicesStylistic devices contain : Figurative language，Sound techniques，Structure，Irony，Register。Figurative language uses figures of speech - a way of saying something other than the literal meaning of the words. Simile,Metaphor,Synecdoche,Personification,Apostrophe,Charactonym,Symbol,Ima

22、gery,Motif,Metonymy,Analogy ,Paradox,Pun,Parallelism,Hyperbole and so on.文体手段文体手段包括：比喻性语言，声音技巧，结果，讽刺，语域。 比喻性语言使用“修辞格”一种说什么而不是字面意义的方式。 明喻，暗喻，提喻，拟人，呼语，个性化诨名，象征，意向，主题，转喻，类比，悖论， 双关，排比，夸张 等。Sound techniques:It contains:Rhyme,AlliterationAssonance ConsonanceRhythmOnomatopoeiaStructure Formal structure (th

23、e forms of a text)Storyline and PlotPlot structureFlashbackFrame story Foreshadowing Allusion IronyVerbal IronySituational ironyDramatic irony声音技巧包括：韵脚，头韵，元韵，尾韵，韵律，拟声。结构形式结构，故事线情节，倒叙，框架故事，伏笔，典故.讽刺言语反讽，情景反讽，戏剧反讽RegisterDiction SyntaxVoice ToneLiterary StylisticsThe modern literary stylistic is establ

24、ished by Charles bally. Spitzer is the father of literary stylistic. It should be noticed that the foregrounding is proposed first by Mukarovsky of the Prague group.It refers to a form of textual patterning which is motivated specifically for literary-aesthetic purposes。It has two main guises, foreg

25、rounding as deviation from a norm and foregrounding as more of the same.语域措辞，句法，语态，语气。文学文体学现代文体学创始人是法国文体学家巴利,德国文体学家斯皮泽被普遍尊为文学文体学之父.值得注意的是突出”一词首先是由布拉格学提出的，国内也有学者译成“前景化”。用特定方法突出以达到某种文学审美效果。通常表现为与众不同和老调重弹。And the structuralist poetician Roman Jakobson proposes a model of language which comprises six ke

26、y functions：The emotive functionThe conative functionThe referential functionThe poetic functionThe phatic functionThe metalingual functionStylistic analysisNarrativesPrincipal mode of narrative characterisation is the transmission of actions and events. This mode refers to the way character is deve

27、loped through and by the semantic processes and participant roles embodied in narrative discourse.著名诗学家雅各布森提出了话语的六大功能:表情功能意动功能指称功能组诗功能人际功能评释功能文体学分析记述文叙事特征的主要模式 是行为和事件的传送。角色是按语义过程和叙事话语中的参与者角色发展的。Planes of point of view in narrative fictionPoint of view on the ideological planePoint of view on the tem

28、poral planePoint of view on the spatial planePoint of view on the psychological planeThe analytical procedure of narratives:Source, author (style), themenarrative perspectivelanguage feature（Sentence structure，vocabulary，）Logical characteristicsConversational featuresfigure of speech and so onPoemTh

29、e stylistic analysis of poem mainly study from two ways: the relevant information and the structure style.the relevant information: title, author, writing year, subject matter.叙事小说中的层面：意识形态层面时空层面空间层面心理感知层面小说文体分析方法：出处、作者（风格）、主题叙述视角语言特点（句式结构、词汇）逻辑特点人物会话特点修辞格等诗歌对诗歌文体进行分析主要是从诗歌的相关信息与诗歌本身的结构形式两方面着手。相关信息包

30、括：题目、作者、写作年代、体裁、题材Structure style:Overall layout Number and length of linesMetreRhythmFigure of speechAdjectives have already been highlighted as one of the main sites for stylistic experimentation in the poem.DramaStylistic analysis of dramaParaphrase or commentthetextScript formlanguage featurefig

31、ure of speech and so on the analysis of dialogue is important .A model for the analysis of dialogue was suggested which comprised two principal methodological orientations. 诗歌本身的结构形式：总体布局诗行数目,长度；格律韵律；修辞格；形容词是对诗歌进行文体分析的重点。戏剧戏剧分体分析方法：解释剧本或评论剧本形式人物语言特点修辞格等。 戏剧的对话是一大重点，可分为两类。 The first of these involves a focus on the way spoken discourse is structured. The second orien