俄罗斯方块设计中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx

1、俄罗斯方块设计中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)A Systematic Review on Software measurement ProgramsTouseef Tahir, Ali JafarDepartment of computer science, Comsats institute of information technology, Lahore, Pakistan Blekinge institute of technology, SE 371 79, Karlskrona, SwedenAbstractMost of the meas

2、urement programs fail to achieve targeted goals. This paper presents outcomes of systematic review on software measurement programs. The aim of the study was to analyse Applications, success factors, existing measurement models/frameworks and tools. 1579 research studies were reviewed in the beginni

3、ng and on basis of predefined criteria 28 studies were chosen for analysis. The selection of research studies was done on the basis of structured procedure of systematic review. Outcome of this study consists of observations and suggestions on the basis of analysis of selected studies.Keywords:Measu

4、rement Program；Software；Measurement Models；Measurement Framework1. INTRODUCTIONSoftware measurement programs (MP) help in both management and implementation of software processes at each level of the organization. In order to get accurate results, it manages flow of data within the processes. The so

5、ftware products are becoming larger and more complex. By managing such software projects require accurate and precise estimations that can be helpful to provide a quality product to the customer. There should be a technological support and well defined structured approach to gather and process the d

6、ata continuously throughout the software development. This process is called the measurement process. This is used in the MPs which is basically a set of procedures and guidelines to gather, calculate and evaluate the measures.According to, software MPs usually fail after implementation in a softwar

7、e development process. In, 50- 80% of the MPs fail after a year due to different reasons. The most important reason of the failure of the MPs includes the lack of appropriate knowledge available to gain the required measures and/or too abstract goals. The failure of the software MP depends on differ

8、ent factors relevant to product, process and resources. According to, software MPs usually fail as they require expert judgment for selecting appropriate number of measures in relation to the organizational goals.There is a need to improve the measurement process; when there is difference between th

9、e expected outcome of the process and the actual performance of the process. In recent years, there are different models and frameworks developed that are used to measure different attributes of the software process. In assessment of the MP can be done according to different views i.e. process, prod

10、uct, resource, value based, context and social.In recent years, MPs assist a quantitative approach to development processes. These MPs also used in order to increase the software process improvement. Software MPs give a competitive advantage over those who prefer traditional approaches. These progra

11、ms have been an important part of software development life cycle (SDLC) like other processes i.e. design, testing, and implementation. Measurement activities are carried out during the software life cycle of project.Implementing a MP is a well defined structured approach in order to gather and proc

12、ess the data continuously throughout the software development lifecycle. The main purpose of software measures is to extract good from the raw data, and MPs are used to apply these software measures in management and technical aspects. Software measures are used to classify the best practices i.e. S

13、oftware Process Improvement, estimating and planning projects effectively, manage budget effectively, and it also helps comparison of current practices and tools. Software MPs provide a source for industry comparison and facilitate effective communication between developer and customer. MPs start wi

14、th definition of goals and their respective questions which leads to formation of metrics. At start, an organization needs to set proper objectives for what they are going to do and then start measuring.This paper presents a systematic review (SR) on MPs, their applications, measurement models/frame

15、works and tools. Section II presents SR process definition and research questions. Section III presents SR planning process. Section IV presents selected primary study. Section V presents reporting process of SR. Section VI presents analysis and discussion. Section VII presents implementation of SR

16、analysis. Section VIII presents conclusions.2. SYSTEMATIC REVIEWAccording to, the purpose of systematic review is to provide more structured way to make an assessment, identification and interpretation of research which is relevant to the specific research question.It has three phases namely “planni

17、ng the review”, “conducting the review” and “reporting the review”. In the planning phase, it is defined that how literature review have been conducted in a systematic manner and a review protocol is developed which acts as a search guide during systematic literature review. In the second step, syst

18、ematic literature review is conducted which involves primary studies, quality assessment, data extraction and data synthesis. In the last step, literature review is reported.Systematic review is an iterative process instead of sequential, because it involves a number of iteration. Example would be i

19、nclusion and exclusion criteria, when actual review is conducted several primary studies are included and excluded.A. Research QuestionsFollowing research questions will be answered during the systematic review:（1）RQ_1a: How do Organizations use software measurement programs?（2）RQ_1b: What are the s

20、uccess factors in software measurement programs?（3）RQ_2: What are the models/frameworks, and tools developed for measurement programs?3. PLANNING THE REVIEWReview is planned according to the guidelines given in.B. Review ProtocolReview protocol consists of inclusion/ exclusion criteria, search keywo

21、rds, databases to be searched, quality assessment checklist, data synthesis, data extraction form and research questions. Review Protocol developed to identify the current state of the art in MPs and goal definition from 01 Jan, 1997 to 01 June, 2011.C. Search strategyAppropriate Search keywords are

22、 very important for effecting search process. This process is done by following the guidelines in. This has been done by following steps （1）Identification of search keywords by analysing the context, objectives, relevant area of research questions.（2）Searched resources were analysed for further iden

23、tification of keywords, including the keywords section of research resources.（3）Identification of synonyms, alternatives and hypernyms for each key word.（4）Boolean OR was used for synonyms, alternatives, and hypernyms.（5）Boolean AND was used to make a search string and make searching preciseThe resu

24、lted search string given below:(metric OR measure OR measurement) AND (program OR plan OR process) AND (success OR important Or successful OR success story or good practices or practices) AND (factor OR feature OR variable) AND (Software OR software application OR software development life cycle OR

25、software development process OR software system OR software industry) AND (models OR guidelines or practices) AND (framework or structure infrastructure) AND (tool OR instrument OR mechanism or device).D.Primary search processThe search process is divided into two steps: primary and secondary resear

26、ch. The primary search process consisted of searching online research databases, search engines, e-journals, conference proceeding and grey literature using set of keywords in the resulted search string.In the first step 1579 articles were scanned and 69 articles were selected on the basis of title

27、and abstract. In the second step selected articles were reviewed completed and final set of articles after the second step consists of 28 articles 。E.Study Selection CriteriaThe following inclusion criteria were used in order to include in systematic review.F.Exclusion CriteriaThe following exclusio

28、n criteria were used in order to exclude in systematic review.G.Quality Assessment ChecklistIt is essential to evaluate the quality of primary studies during inclusion/ exclusion criteria. The purpose of the quality assessment in this research is to weight the importance of individual studies during

29、 data synthesis.H.Data Extraction StrategyData extraction strategy is given 。I.Synthesis of the Extracted DataThe purpose of data synthesis is to propose a conclusion on the basis of collected data analysis. It involves extracting and summarizing the results of the selected primary studies . The dat

30、a which is extracted from primary studies should be able to answer the research questions. Data synthesis can be expressive synthesis, quantitative or qualitative synthesis .The qualitative synthesis involves the studies that results after the analysis of theoretical grounds, language results and co

31、nclusions. The studies in systematic review are heterogeneous because of different methodology and outcomes. Qualitative synthesis is performed because of heterogeneous nature of data. According to, there are three approaches available for qualitative data synthesis i.e. Reciprocal translation, Refu

32、tational synthesis, Line of argument synthesis.In this study we followed line of argument synthesis because firstly, we analyzed the studies individually and then in the later step we analyze the studies as a whole. 4. PRIMARY STUDY SELECTION PROCESSThere are two steps in the selection process of primary studies given 。In the first step title, abstract and conclusion of the research papers are analyzed for selection/rejection. The papers selected in the first step were farther filtered against the inclusion/exclusion criteria defined in the review protocol.5. CONDUCTING THE REV