俄罗斯方块设计中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx

俄罗斯方块设计中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx

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俄罗斯方块设计中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译文献

（文档含英文原文和中文翻译）

ASystematicReviewonSoftwaremeasurementPrograms

TouseefTahir,AliJafar

Departmentofcomputerscience,Comsatsinstituteofinformationtechnology,Lahore,PakistanBlekingeinstituteoftechnology,SE37179,Karlskrona,Sweden

Abstract

Mostofthemeasurementprogramsfailtoachievetargetedgoals.Thispaperpresentsoutcomesofsystematicreviewonsoftwaremeasurementprograms.TheaimofthestudywastoanalyseApplications,successfactors,existingmeasurementmodels/frameworksandtools.1579researchstudieswerereviewedinthebeginningandonbasisofpredefinedcriteria28studieswerechosenforanalysis.Theselectionofresearchstudieswasdoneonthebasisofstructuredprocedureofsystematicreview.Outcomeofthisstudyconsistsofobservationsandsuggestionsonthebasisofanalysisofselectedstudies.

Keywords:

MeasurementProgram；Software；MeasurementModels；MeasurementFramework

1.INTRODUCTION

Softwaremeasurementprograms（MP）helpinbothmanagementandimplementationofsoftwareprocessesateachleveloftheorganization.Inordertogetaccurateresults,itmanagesflowofdatawithintheprocesses.Thesoftwareproductsarebecominglargerandmorecomplex.Bymanagingsuchsoftwareprojectsrequireaccurateandpreciseestimationsthatcanbehelpfultoprovideaqualityproducttothecustomer.Thereshouldbeatechnologicalsupportandwelldefinedstructuredapproachtogatherandprocessthedatacontinuouslythroughoutthesoftwaredevelopment.Thisprocessiscalledthemeasurementprocess.ThisisusedintheMPswhichisbasicallyasetofproceduresandguidelinestogather,calculateandevaluatethemeasures.

Accordingto,softwareMPsusuallyfailafterimplementationinasoftwaredevelopmentprocess.In,50-80%oftheMPsfailafterayearduetodifferentreasons.ThemostimportantreasonofthefailureoftheMPsincludesthelackofappropriateknowledgeavailabletogaintherequiredmeasuresand/ortooabstractgoals.ThefailureofthesoftwareMPdependsondifferentfactorsrelevanttoproduct,processandresources.Accordingto,softwareMPsusuallyfailastheyrequireexpertjudgmentforselectingappropriatenumberofmeasuresinrelationtotheorganizationalgoals.

Thereisaneedtoimprovethemeasurementprocess;whenthereisdifferencebetweentheexpectedoutcomeoftheprocessandtheactualperformanceoftheprocess.Inrecentyears,therearedifferentmodelsandframeworksdevelopedthatareusedtomeasuredifferentattributesofthesoftwareprocess.InassessmentoftheMPcanbedoneaccordingtodifferentviewsi.e.process,product,resource,valuebased,contextandsocial.

Inrecentyears,MPsassistaquantitativeapproachtodevelopmentprocesses.TheseMPsalsousedinordertoincreasethesoftwareprocessimprovement.SoftwareMPsgiveacompetitiveadvantageoverthosewhoprefertraditionalapproaches.Theseprogramshavebeenanimportantpartofsoftwaredevelopmentlifecycle（SDLC）likeotherprocessesi.e.design,testing,andimplementation.Measurementactivitiesarecarriedoutduringthesoftwarelifecycleofproject.

ImplementingaMPisawelldefinedstructuredapproachinordertogatherandprocessthedatacontinuouslythroughoutthesoftwaredevelopmentlifecycle.Themainpurposeofsoftwaremeasuresistoextractgoodfromtherawdata,andMPsareusedtoapplythesesoftwaremeasuresinmanagementandtechnicalaspects.Softwaremeasuresareusedtoclassifythebestpracticesi.e.SoftwareProcessImprovement,estimatingandplanningprojectseffectively,managebudgeteffectively,anditalsohelpscomparisonofcurrentpracticesandtools.SoftwareMPsprovideasourceforindustrycomparisonandfacilitateeffectivecommunicationbetweendeveloperandcustomer.MPsstartwithdefinitionofgoalsandtheirrespectivequestionswhichleadstoformationofmetrics.Atstart,anorganizationneedstosetproperobjectivesforwhattheyaregoingtodoandthenstartmeasuring.

Thispaperpresentsasystematicreview（SR）onMPs,theirapplications,measurementmodels/frameworksandtools.SectionIIpresentsSRprocessdefinitionandresearchquestions.SectionIIIpresentsSRplanningprocess.SectionIVpresentsselectedprimarystudy.SectionVpresentsreportingprocessofSR.SectionVIpresentsanalysisanddiscussion.SectionVIIpresentsimplementationofSRanalysis.SectionVIIIpresentsconclusions.

2.SYSTEMATICREVIEW

Accordingto,thepurposeofsystematicreviewistoprovidemorestructuredwaytomakeanassessment,identificationandinterpretationofresearchwhichisrelevanttothespecificresearchquestion.

Ithasthreephasesnamely“planningthereview”,“conductingthereview”and“reportingthereview”.Intheplanningphase,itisdefinedthathowliteraturereviewhavebeenconductedinasystematicmannerandareviewprotocolisdevelopedwhichactsasasearchguideduringsystematicliteraturereview.Inthesecondstep,systematicliteraturereviewisconductedwhichinvolvesprimarystudies,qualityassessment,dataextractionanddatasynthesis.Inthelaststep,literaturereviewisreported.

Systematicreviewisaniterativeprocessinsteadofsequential,becauseitinvolvesanumberofiteration.Examplewouldbeinclusionandexclusioncriteria,whenactualreviewisconductedseveralprimarystudiesareincludedandexcluded.

A.ResearchQuestions

Followingresearchquestionswillbeansweredduringthesystematicreview:

（1）RQ_1a:

HowdoOrganizationsusesoftwaremeasurementprograms?

（2）RQ_1b:

Whatarethesuccessfactorsinsoftwaremeasurementprograms?

（3）RQ_2:

Whatarethemodels/frameworks,andtoolsdevelopedformeasurementprograms?

3.PLANNINGTHEREVIEW

Reviewisplannedaccordingtotheguidelinesgivenin.

B.ReviewProtocol

Reviewprotocolconsistsofinclusion/exclusioncriteria,searchkeywords,databasestobesearched,qualityassessmentchecklist,datasynthesis,dataextractionformandresearchquestions.ReviewProtocoldevelopedtoidentifythecurrentstateoftheartinMPsandgoaldefinitionfrom01Jan,1997to01June,2011.

C.Searchstrategy

AppropriateSearchkeywordsareveryimportantforeffectingsearchprocess.Thisprocessisdonebyfollowingtheguidelinesin.Thishasbeendonebyfollowingsteps

（1）Identificationofsearchkeywordsbyanalysingthecontext,objectives,relevantareaofresearchquestions.

（2）Searchedresourceswereanalysedforfurtheridentificationofkeywords,includingthekeywordssectionofresearchresources.

（3）Identificationofsynonyms,alternativesandhypernymsforeachkeyword.

（4）BooleanORwasusedforsynonyms,alternatives,andhypernyms.

（5）BooleanANDwasusedtomakeasearchstringandmakesearchingprecise

Theresultedsearchstringgivenbelow:

（metricORmeasureORmeasurement）AND（programORplanORprocess）AND（successORimportantOrsuccessfulORsuccessstoryorgoodpracticesorpractices）AND（factorORfeatureORvariable）AND（SoftwareORsoftwareapplicationORsoftwaredevelopmentlifecycleORsoftwaredevelopmentprocessORsoftwaresystemORsoftwareindustry）AND（modelsORguidelinesorpractices）AND（frameworkorstructureinfrastructure）AND（toolORinstrumentORmechanismordevice）.

D.Primarysearchprocess

Thesearchprocessisdividedintotwosteps:

primaryandsecondaryresearch.Theprimarysearchprocessconsistedofsearchingonlineresearchdatabases,searchengines,e-journals,conferenceproceedingandgreyliteratureusingsetofkeywordsintheresultedsearchstring.

Inthefirststep1579articleswerescannedand69articleswereselectedonthebasisoftitleandabstract.Inthesecondstepselectedarticleswerereviewedcompletedandfinalsetofarticlesafterthesecondstepconsistsof28articles。

E.StudySelectionCriteria

Thefollowinginclusioncriteriawereusedinordertoincludeinsystematicreview.

F.ExclusionCriteria

Thefollowingexclusioncriteriawereusedinordertoexcludeinsystematicreview.

G.QualityAssessmentChecklist

Itisessentialtoevaluatethequalityofprimarystudiesduringinclusion/exclusioncriteria.Thepurposeofthequalityassessmentinthisresearchistoweighttheimportanceofindividualstudiesduringdatasynthesis.

H.DataExtractionStrategy

Dataextractionstrategyisgiven。

I.SynthesisoftheExtractedData

Thepurposeofdatasynthesisistoproposeaconclusiononthebasisofcollecteddataanalysis.Itinvolvesextractingandsummarizingtheresultsoftheselectedprimarystudies.Thedatawhichisextractedfromprimarystudiesshouldbeabletoanswertheresearchquestions.Datasynthesiscanbeexpressivesynthesis,quantitativeorqualitativesynthesis.Thequalitativesynthesisinvolvesthestudiesthatresultsaftertheanalysisoftheoreticalgrounds,languageresultsandconclusions.Thestudiesinsystematicreviewareheterogeneousbecauseofdifferentmethodologyandoutcomes.Qualitativesynthesisisperformedbecauseofheterogeneousnatureofdata.Accordingto,therearethreeapproachesavailableforqualitativedatasynthesisi.e.Reciprocaltranslation,Refutationalsynthesis,Lineofargumentsynthesis.

Inthisstudywefollowedlineofargumentsynthesisbecausefirstly,weanalyzedthestudiesindividuallyandtheninthelaterstepweanalyzethestudiesasawhole.

4.PRIMARYSTUDYSELECTIONPROCESS

Therearetwostepsintheselectionprocessofprimarystudiesgiven。

Inthefirststeptitle,abstractandconclusionoftheresearchpapersareanalyzedforselection/rejection.Thepapersselectedinthefirststepwerefartherfilteredagainsttheinclusion/exclusioncriteriadefinedinthereviewprotocol.

5.CONDUCTINGTHEREV