ving非谓语.docx

1、ving非谓语非谓语动词V-ing的基本用法 2011-05-04 20:06:58| 分类： English | 标签： |字号大中小订阅非谓语动词分为：动名词gerund 不定式infinitive 分词participle1性质：它具有动词的特点，但在句子中起着名词、形容词、副词的作用，充当主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语的作用，即：除谓语以外一切成分。2形式不定式相当于名词、形容词、副词。充当主语、宾语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语。动名词相当于名词充当主语、表语、定语、宾语。分词相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语形成分3语态：必须搞清逻辑主语与非谓语动词的关系

2、，从而来确定非谓语动词态的语态。动词-ing形式一、现在分词的基本形式现在分词及物动词write不及物动词go主动语态被动语态主动语态一般式writingbeing writtengoing完成式having writinghaving been writtenhaving gone动名词的基本形式主动语态被动语态一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been donea. 一般式:V-ing1 动词V-ing形式的一般式可用来泛指一个动作，没有特别的时间意义。Swimming is her favorite sport.游泳是她最喜欢的体育运动。Lea

3、rning is important to modern life.学习对现代生活很重要。2 动词V-ing形式的一般式可用来表示与谓语动词同时发生的动作。They went out of the classroom, talking and laughing. 他们有说有笑地走出教室。3 动词V-ing形式的一般式有时也可表示在谓语动词的动作之前或之后发生的动作。I remembered sending him an e-mail last week. 我记得上星期给他发过一份电子邮件。He suggested taking my daughter to the zoo the next S

4、unday.他建议下个星期天带我女儿去动物园。b.完成式: having done1.动词V-ing形式的完成式表示一个已完成的动作，这个动作发生或完成在谓语动词表示的动作之前。Having lived in this city for three years, she knows it very well.注意：在现代英语中，作宾语的动词V-ing形式的完成式可用一般式来代替。I really regretted missing such an exciting lecture.错过了这么振奋人心的演讲，我真的很遗憾。(=I rally regretted having missed suc

5、h an exciting lecture.)We remembered seeing the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。(=We remembered having seen the film.)c. V-ing的被动形式being done,表示它的逻辑主语是动词-ing形式表示的动作的承受者。这个动作通常是正在进行或是与谓语表示的动作同时发生。The question being discussed is very important.正在讨论的问题很重要。I cant stand being kept waiting. 我不堪久等。d. having done的被动形式havi

6、ng been done表示动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生。Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the school library.在被带去看了实验室之后，我们又被带去参观校图书馆。二、-ing否定形式: not+ V-ingHis not coming made everyone present very disappointed.他没来使在场的每个人都很失望。三、V-ing的句法功能a. 作主语1V-ing形式可直接置于句首作主语。Seeing is believing.= To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见

7、。2 为了保持句子平衡，通常用先行词it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在句末。It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作无益的后悔是没有用的。Its a waste of time arguing about it. 争论这事是浪费时间。注意：(1) 常用V-ing作真正主语，用it作形式主语的句型。Its no good / use doing sth.Its no useless / senseless doing sthIts worth doing sthIts a waste of time doing sth.Its no good talking

8、to him. 和他谈话是没有用的。It is useless telephoning him. He is not willing to come.给他打电话没用。他不愿意来。Its worth making an effort. 努力一下是值得的。(2) There is no + doing sthThere is no saying when it will stop raining. 无法断定这场雨什么时候会停。There is no joking about such matters. 这种事开不得玩笑。3.V-ing作主语表示：(1) 表示主语的内容Her job is keep

9、ing the lecture hall as clean as possible.她的工作是尽量使报告厅保持干净。(2)表示主语具有的特征The problem is quite puzzling. 这个问题很令困惑。b.作宾语动词-ing形式既可作及物动词的宾语，也可作介词的宾语。1 能用动词-ing形式作宾语的及物动词可分两类，一类是只能用动词-ing形式作宾语，另一类是既可用动词-ing形式作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语。(1)只能用V-ing作宾语的动词是以下口诀中提到的动词：suggest, advise, practice, finish, avoid, stop, forbid,

10、cant help, miss（逃过）, enjoy, appreciate, admit, require, postpone, put off（推迟）, delay（耽搁）, consider, deny, excuse（原谅）, escape, pardon, imagine, fancy（想不到）, feel like（意欲，想要）, risk, leave off(停止), give up, dislike, keep, resist（抵制）, mention（提及）, forgive，include(网络上曾有些人把这些动词组成顺口溜，本人的经验是在学习中慢慢积累，最后高三复习就不

11、会有太多的动词要记，慢慢积累是英语学习的一大法宝)e.g.Fancy meeting you here!想不到在这儿见到你了！I suggest doing it in a different way. 我建议用另一种方法做这件事。(2).既可用动词-ing形式作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语1有些动词，如attempt, continue, hate, intend, like, love, prefer, start等，后面接动词-ing形式或不定式区别不是很大。They prefer spending / to spend their summer vacation in Dalian.他们更

12、喜欢在大连度暑假。I intend to buy / buying an English-Chinese dictionary. 我想买一本英汉词典。注意：应尽量避免接连出现两上动词-ing形式。I am starting to learn Russian. 我开始学俄语。避免说：I am starting learning Russian. 我开始学俄语。2有些动词或词组后可带动名词或不定式作宾语，但意义上有所不同。有些动词或词组后可带动名词或不定式作宾语，但意义上有所不同。come to do表示一个渐渐发展的过程come doing表示陪衬性的动作go on to do做完一件事后，接下

13、去做另外一件事go on doing继续做同一件事mean to do想要做某事mean doing意味着要有一个结果regret to do对即将要做的事表示遗憾regret doing对所做的事感到后悔remember to do讲的是将来的事，表示“不要忘记”remember doing讲的是过去的事，表示“记起来”forget to do忘记要做某事forget doing忘记以前曾做过的事stop to do停止原来做的事，开始做另一件事stop doing停止正在做的事try to do设法做某事try doing试验做某事I hope we shall be friends an

14、d come to understand one another.我希望我们会成为朋友并互相了解It was already two oclock when she came hurrying in. 她急急忙忙跑进来时已经两点了。Having finished the exercises, we went on to learn the new words in the next unit.做完练习以后，我们继续学习下一单元的单词。Though it was raining heavily, they went on working,尽管天下着大雨，他们仍然继续工作。I didnt mean

15、 to hurt you. 我并不想要伤害你。Missing the train means waiting for another hour. 误了这班车就意味着再等一个小时。I regret to say I must leave tomorrow. 很遗憾，我明天必须离开了。I regret not having told her earlier.没能更早地告诉她，我很后悔。Remember to lock the door when you leave. 离开时记得要锁门。I remember posting that letter. 我记得寄了那封信。She nearly forgo

16、t to give the porter a tip for his service. 她几乎忘记给行李搬运工付小费。Ill never forget meeting my school headmaster for the first time.我永远忘不了和我小学校长初次见面的情景。While working, he stopped to talk with Tom at times.工作的时候，他不时停下来和汤姆谈话。When the teacher came into the classroom, the pupils stopped talking.教师走进教室的时候，小学生们停止了

17、说话。I must try to get everything ready before he arrives.在他到来之前，我必须尽力把一切都准备好。Would you please try doing that again? 请你再试一次好吗？注意：need, require, want作“需要”解时，后面接动词-ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式，意义上并无差别，但用动词V-ing形式比较普通。Your composition needs correcting / to be corrected.你的作文需要修改。His coat wants cleaning/to be clean

18、ed.他的外套需要洗了。The old woman requires looking after carefully/to be looked after carefully.这个老大娘需要细心地照料。2 作介词宾语动词-ing形式作介词宾语大都和一些固定搭配有关。(1) 动词-ing形式可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, smell, look at, listen to, observe, find等表示感官和心理状态的动词后面作宾语补足语，和一个名词或代词一起构成复合宾语。We heard the children shouting upstairs.我

19、们听见孩子们在楼上叫喊。I felt my heart beating violently.我觉得我的心在猛烈地跳动。(2) 动词-ing形式和不定式作宾语补足语的区别。在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等感官动词后，既可用动词V-ing构成复合宾语，也可用不定式构成复合宾语，两者之间有一定的区别。用动词V-ing时，表示动作正在进行；用不定式时，表示动作发生了，即动作的全过程结束了。He saw a girl getting on the bus.他看见一个女孩在上公共汽车。He saw a girl get on the bus and drive off.他看

20、见一个女孩上公共汽车后开走了。(3) 动词-ing形式也可用在have, get, leave, keep, set, catch等表示致使的动词后作宾语补足语。They should not leave us wondering what they will do next.他们不应该不让我们知道他们下一步要做什么。I wont have you running about in the room.我不允许你在房间里跑来跑去。We kept the fire burning all night long.我们让火整夜燃烧着。注意：如果宾语补足语是一系列的动作，通常只能用不定式来表示，不用动词

21、V-ing形式。I saw him enter the room sit down and light a cigarette.我看见他走进房间，坐了下来，点燃了一根香烟。c.作定语1 单个的动词-ing形式可以作前置定语，一般具有两种含义:(1)说明被修饰名词的用途和性能。a reading room = a room which is used for reading 阅览室running shoes =shoes for running 跑鞋a working method =a method of working 工作方法a drawing board 画板 a sewing mach

22、ine 缝纫机a swimming pool 游泳池 a waiting room 候车室a dining car 餐车 a driving permit 驾驶许可证a singing competition 歌咏比赛 a walking stick 手杖(2)表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。developing countries = countries that are developing 发展中国家an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinar

23、y 看起来很普通的房子a puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody 困扰人的问题a barking dog 狂吠的狗 a disappointing play 令人失望的戏剧an astonishing adventure 惊人的冒险 a sleeping baby 熟睡的婴儿boiling water 正在沸腾的水 failing sight 逐渐衰退的视力the setting sun 落日 the coming week 下一周2 作定语的动词V-ing形式如是一个短语，则应放在被修饰词的后面。The bottle contai

24、ning vinegar should be sent to the laboratory.装着醋的那个瓶子应送到实验室去They lived in a house facing south. 他们住在一所朝南的房子里。3 某些情况下，V-ing不能用来作定语，必须用定语从句。(1) 作定语的动词-ing形式表示的动作要与主句谓语的动作同时发生，如两者不能同时发生的话，则需使用定语从句。昨天来的教授将要给我们作一个讲座。【误】The professor coming here yesterday will give us a lecture.【正】The professor who came

25、here yesterday will give us a lecture.(2) 动词-ing形式的完成式一般只用来作状语，不作定语。被地震毁坏的庙宇很快就要重建了。【误】The temple having been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.【正】The temple which has been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.d.作状语V-ing可以作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况等。V-ing作时间、原因

26、、条件、让步状语时多位于句首；作结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。1 表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。 Having made full preparations, we are ready for the examination.我们已经作好了充分准备，现在可以应考了。(= After we have made full preparations.)2 表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。Being ill, he didnt go to school yesterday.由于生病，他昨天没有上学。(= Since he was ill.)3 表示结果，相当于一个并列谓语。 His fathe

27、r died, leaving him a lot of money. = and left him a lot of money.他父亲死了，留给他许多钱.比较：v-ing作结果状语表示顺其自然，to do引导结果状语表示突然，出乎意料。如：His parents died, leaving him an orphan.He rushed to the post office only to find it was closed4 表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。Working hard at your lessons, you will succeed.=If you work hard

28、 at your lessons.如果你努力学习，就一定能成功。5 表示让步，相当于一个让步状语从句。 Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.= Although they knew all this.尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。Having finished my homework, I went to watch TV.6 表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明，相当于一个并列结构。 He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time.= .and stared

29、 at the sky for a long time他躺在草地上，长时间地望着天空。四、V-ing的逻辑主语a. 动词-ing形式作主语时，其逻辑主语对于谈话双方是不言而喻的。Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。(Reading aloud的逻辑主语是泛指任何人，因而无需表达出来)b.如果作主语的V-ing形式需要自己的逻辑主语时，一般用物主代词或名词所有格(即名词后加s).His fathers falling ill worried him greatly.他父亲生病使他很着急。(his father是falling ill的逻辑主语)c. V

30、-ing形式作表语时，其逻辑主语往往是句子中的主语，但用作表语的V-ing形式也可带有自己的逻辑主语。What worries me most is her staying too late every night.(staying too late every night的逻辑主语是her)d. 动词-ing形式作定语时，其逻辑主语就是它修饰的名词。an interesting book 一本有意思的书 = a book that interests its readersa running stream 一条奔流的小溪 = a stream that is runninge. 如果V-in

31、g形式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者，就要用V-ing形式的被动式。The meeting being held in Beijing now is of great importance.正在北京召开的会议非常重要。(the meeting和举行之间的关系是被动的，所以用being held)f. 动词-ing形式作宾语时，其逻辑主语常是句子中的主语。如要明确动作的执行者，也可以在-ing形式前加上名词或代词表示逻辑主语。比较1. He insisted on doing it himself.他坚持要自己做。(doing it的逻辑主语是句子的主语“他”)He insisted on my doing it.他坚持要我做。 (doing it的逻辑主语是“我”)2. Would you mind op