经济学专业术语中英文对照.docx

1、经济学专业术语中英文对照经济学专业术语（中英文对照）1.经济学原理22.像经济学家一样思考23.相互依存性与贸易的好处34.供给与需求的市场力量35.弹性及其应用46.供给需求与政策47.消费者、生产者与市场效率48.赋税的应用49.国际贸易510.外部性511.公共物品和公共资源512.税制设计513.生产成本614.竞争市场上的企业715.垄断716.垄断竞争717.寡头718.生产要素市场819.收入与歧视820.收入不平等与贫困821.消费者选择理论922.微观经济学前沿923.一国收入的衡量1024.生活费用的衡量1025.生产与增长1026.储蓄、投资和金融体系1127.金融学的基

2、本工具1128.失业1229.货币制度1230.货币增长与通货膨胀1331.开放经济的宏观经济学1432.开放经济的宏观经济理论1433.总需求与总供给1434.货币政策和财政政策对总需求影响1535.通胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍151.经济学原理经济:(economy)稀缺性:(scarcity)经济学:(economics)效率:(efficiency)平等:(equality)机会成本:(opporyunitycost)理性人:(rationalpeople)边际变动:(marginalchange)边际收益:(marginalbenefit)边际成本:(marginalcost)激励:

3、(incentive)市场经济:(marketeconomy)产权:(propertyrights)市场失灵:(marketfailure)外部性:(externality)市场势力:(marketpower)生产率:(productivity)通货膨胀:(inflation)经济周期:(businesscycle)2.像经济学家一样思考循环流量图:(circular-flowdiagram)生产可能性边界:(productionpossibilities)微观经济学:(microeconomics)宏观经济学:(macroeconomics)实证表述:(positivestatements)

4、规范表述:(normativestatements)有序数对:(orderedpair)3.相互依存性与贸易的好处绝对优势:(absoluteadvantage)机会成本:(apportunitycost)比较优势:(comparativeadvantage)进口品:(imports)出口品:(exports)4.供给与需求的市场力量市场:(market)竞争市场:(competitivemarket)需求量:(quantitydemand)需求定理:(lawofdemand)需求表:(demandschedule)需求曲线:(demandcurve)正常物品:(normalgood)低档物品

5、:(inferiorgood)替代品:(substitutes)互补品:(complements)供给量:(quantitysupplied)供给定理:(lawofsupply)供给表:(supplyschedule)供给曲线:(supplycurve)均衡:(equilibrium)均衡价格:(equilibriumprice)均衡数量:(equilibriumquantity)过剩:(surplus)短缺:(shortage)供求定理:(lawofsupplyanddemand)5,弹性及其应用弹性:(elasticity)需求价格弹性:(priceelasticityofdemand)总

6、收益:(totalrevenue)需求收入弹性:(incomeelasticity)需求的交叉价格弹性：(crosspriceelasticity)供给价格弹性:(priceelasticityofsupply)6.供给需求与政策价格上限:(priceceiling)价格下限:(pricefloor)税收归宿:(taxincidence)7.消费者、生产者与市场效率福利经济学:(welfareeconomics)支付意愿:(willingnesstopay)消费者乘U余:(consumersurplus)成本:(cost)生产者乘U余:(producersurplus)效率:(efficien

7、cy)平等:(equality)8,赋税的应用无谓损失:(deadweightloss)9.国际贸易世界价格:(worldprice)关税:(tariff)10.外部性外部性:(externality)外部性内在化;(internalizingtheexternality)矫正税:(correctivetaxes)科斯定理:(coasetheorem)交易成本:(transactioncost)11.公共物品和公共资源排他性:(excludability)消费中的竞争性:(rivalryinconsumption)私人物品:(privategoods)公共物品:(publicgoods)公共资

8、源:(commonresources)俱乐部物品:(clubgoods)搭便车者:(freerider)成本-收益分析:(cost-benefitanalysis)公地悲居1J:(tragedyofcommons)12.税制设计纳税义务:(taxlianility)预算赤字:(budgetdefict)预算盈余:(budgetsurplus)平均税率:(averagetaxrate)边际税率:(marginaltaxrate)定额税:(lump-sumtax)受益原:(benefitsprinciple)支付能力原贝U:(ability-to-payprinciple)纵向平等:(vertic

9、alequity)横向平等:(horizontalequity)比例税:(proportionaltax)累退税:(regressivetax)累进税:(progressivetax)13.生产成本总收益:(totalrevenue)总成本:(totalcost)禾ij润:(profit)显性成本:(explicitcosts)隐性成本:(implicitcosts)经济利润:(economicprofit)会计禾1J润:(countingprofit)生产函数:(productionfunction)边际产量:(marginalproduct)边际产量递减:(diminishingmargi

10、nalproduct)固定成本:(fixedcosts)可变成本:(variablecosts)平均总成本:(averagetotalcost)平均固定成本:(averagefixedcosts)平均可变成本:(averagevariablecosts)边际成本:(marginalcost)有效规模:(efficientscale)规模经济:(economiesofscale)规模不经济:(diseconomiesofscale)规模收益不变:(constantreturnstoscale)14.竞争市场上的企业竞争市场:(competitivemarket)平均收益:(averagereve

11、nue)边际收益:(marginalrevenue)沉没成本:(sunkrevenue)15.垄断垄断企业:(monopoly)自然垄断:(naturalmonopoly)价格歧视:(pricediscrimination)16.垄断竞争寡头:(oligopoly)垄断竞争:(monopolisticcompetition)17.寡头博弈论:(gametheory)勾结:(collusion)卡特尔:(cartel)纳什均衡：(Nashequilibrium)囚徒困境:(prisonersdilemma)占优策略:(dominantstrategy)18.生产要素市场生产要素:(factors

12、ofproduction)生产函数:(productionfunction)劳动的边际产量:(marginalproductoflabor)边际产量递减:(diminishingmarginalproduct)边际产量值:(valueofthemarginalproduct)资本:(capital)19.收入与歧视补偿性工资差另:(compensatingdifferential)人力资本:(humancapital)工会:(union)罢工:(strike)效率工资：(efficiency)歧视:(discrimination)20.收入不平等与贫困贫困率:(povertyrate)贫困率:

13、(povertyline)实物转移支付:(in-kindtransfers)生命周期:(lifecycle)持久收入:(permanentincome)功利主义：(utilitariansm)效用:(utilitariansm)自由主义:(liberalism)最大最小准则:(maximincriterion)负所得税:(negativeincometax)福禾ij:(welfare)社会保险:(socialinsurance)自由至上主义:(libertarianism)21.消费者选择理论预算约束线：(budgetconstraint)无差异曲线:(indiffernncecurve)边际

14、替代率:(marginalrateofsubtitution)完全替代品:(perfectsubstitudes)完全互补品:(perfectcomplements)正常物品:(normalgood)低档物品:(inferiorgood)收入效应:(incomeeffect)替代效应:(substitutioneffect)吉芬物品:(Giffengood)22.微观经济学前沿道德风险:(moralhazard)代理人:(agent)委托人:(principal)逆向选择:(adverseselection)发信号:(signaling)筛选:(screening)政治经济学:(politic

15、aleconomy)康多塞悖论:(condorcetparadox)阿罗不可能性定理:(Arrowsimpossibility)中值选民定理:(medianvatertheorem)行为经济学:(behavioraleconomics)23.一国收入的衡量微观经济学:(microeconomics)宏观经济学:(macroeconomics)国内生产总值:(grossdomesticproduct,GDP)消费:(consumption)投资:(investment)政府购买:(governmentpurchase)净出口:(netexport)名义GDP:(nominalGDP)真实GDP:

16、(realGDP)GDP平减指数:(GDPdeflator)24.生活费用的衡量消费物价指数:(consumerpriceindex,CPI)通货膨胀率:(inflationrate)生产物价指数:(produerpriceindex,PPI)指数化:(indexation)生活费用津贴：(cost-of-livingallowance,COLA)名义利率:(nominalinterestrate)25.生产与增长生产率:(productivity)物质资本：(physicalcapital)人力资本:(humancapital)自然资源:(naturalresources)技术知识:(tec

17、hnologicalknoeledge)收益递减:(diminishingreturns)追赶效应:(catch-upeffect)26.储蓄、投资和金融体系金融体系:(financialsystem)金融市场:(financialmarkets)债券:(bond)股票:(stock)金融中介机构:(financialintermediaries)共同基金:(mutualfund)国民储蓄:(nationalsaving)私人储蓄:(privatesaving)公共储蓄:(publicsaving)预算盈余:(budgetsurplus)预算赤字:(budgetdeficit)可贷资金市场:(

18、marketforloanablefunds)挤出:(crowdingout)27.金融学的基本工具金融学:(finance)现值:(presentvalue)终值：(futurevalue)复利J(compounding)风险厌恶：(riskaversion)多元化:(diversification)企业特有风险:(firm-specificrisk)市场风险:(marketrisk)基本面风险:(fundamentalanalysis)有效市场假说:(efficientmarketsbypothesis)信息有效:(informationalefficiency)随机游走:(randomw

19、alk)28.失业劳动力:(laborforce)失业率:(unemploymentrate)劳动力参与率:(labor-forceparticipationrate)自然失业率:(naturalrateofunemployment)周期性失业:(cyclicalunemployment)失去信心的工人：(discouragedworkers)摩擦性失业:(frictionalunemployment)结构性失业:(structuralunemployment)寻找工作:(jobsearch)失业保险:(unemploymentinsurance)工会:(union)集体谈判:(collect

20、ivebargaining)罢工:(strike)效率工资:(essiciencywages)29.货币制度货币:(money)交换媒介:(mediumofexchange)计价单位:(unitofaccount)价值储藏手段:(storeofvalue)流动性:(liquidity)商品货币:(commoditymoney)法定货币:(fiatmoney)通货:(currency)活期存款:(demanddeposits)联邦储备局:(FederalReserve)中央银行:(centralbank)货币供给:(moneysupply)货币政策:(monetarypolicy)准备金:(re

21、serves)部分准备金车艮行:(fractional-reservebanking)准备金率:(reserveratio)货币乘数:(moneymultiplier)银行资本:(bankcapital)杠杆:(leverage)杠杆率:(leverageratio)资本需要量:(capitalrequirement)公开市场操作:(open-marketoperations)贴现率:(discountrate)法定准备金:(reserverequirements)补充金融计戈U:(supplementaryfinancingprogram)联邦基金利率:(federalfundsrate)3

22、0.货币增长与通货膨胀铲除通胀:(whipInflationNow)货币数量论:(quantitytheoryofmoney)名义变量:(nominalvariables)真实变量:(realvariables)古典二分法:(classiacldichotomy)货币中性:(monetaryneutrality)货币流通速度:(velocityofmoney)数量方程式:(quantityequation)通货膨胀税:(inflationtax)费雪效应:(Fishereffect)皮鞋成本:(shoeleathercost)菜单成本:(menucosts)31.开放经济的宏观经济学封闭经济:

23、(closedeconomy)开放经济:(openeconomy)出口:(exports)净出口:(netexports)贸易余额:(tradebalance)贸易盈余:(tradesurplus)贸易平衡:(balancedtrade)贸易赤字:(tradedeficit)资本净流出:(netcapitaloutflow)名义汇率:(nominalexchangerate)升值:(appreciation)贬值:(depreciation)真实汇率:(realexchangerate)购买力平价:(purchasing-powerparity)32.开放经济的宏观经济理论贸易政策:(trad

24、epolicy)资本外逃:(capitalflight)33.总需求与总供给衰退:(recession)萧条:(depression)总需求与总供给模型:(modelofaggregatedemandandaggregatesupply)总需求曲线:(aggregate-demandcurve)总供给曲线:(aggregate-supplycurve)自然产出水平:(naturallevelofoutput)滞胀:(stagflation)34.货币政策和财政政策对总需求影响流动性偏好理论:(theoryofliquidity)财政政策:(fisicalpolicy)乘数效应:(multipliereffect)挤出效应：(crowding-outeffect)自动稳定器:(automaticstabilizers)35.通胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍菲利普斯曲线:(phillipscurve)自然率假说:(natural-ratehypothesis)供给冲击:(supplyshock)牺牲率:(sacrificeratio)理性预期:(rationalexpectations)