定语从句.docx

1、定语从句定语从句 主讲人：徐志琴【专题眺望】 知能目标： 1 正确判断使用关系代词和关系副词。2 表示所有格的whose和of which之间的转换。 只能用that引导不能用which引导的定语从句以及只能用which不用that引导的定语从句的特点。 “介词 + which”引导的定语从句及其与关系副词引导的定语从句之间的转换。 as和which引导非限定性定语从句的区别。 as引导的定语从句的常见句型。 定语从句中谓语动词的数。 限定性和非限定性定语从句的含义、结构差别。 定语从句和其他易混淆句型（状语从句、主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、强调句）之间的区别。命题规律：主要考查

2、关系代词和关系副词的选择，which和as引导非限定性定语从句的区别，以及根据句子结构正确判断句子类型的能力。【知识结构】 关系词的作用及类别被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫做“先行词”。引导定语从句的词叫“关系词”。关系词有两个作用：1、引导定语从句。2、代替先行词在其引导的定语从句中充当一定的句子成分。（1）先行词一般是名词和不定代词，如:some-, any-, every-和no与-boy, -thing的合成词；或all、none、any、some、that、those等代词, 数词, 人称代词也同样可作先行词。（2）先行词与关系词是等量关系。必须注意两点： 关系词在从句中作主语时，从

3、句谓语动词的数由先行词而定。Anyone who breaks the law is to be punished.Those who are against the plan please sign your names here.关系词在从句中充当了成分，其意思就是先行词的意义，所以在从句中不能重复其意。错：There are many places we can visit them in China.关系词有两类：关系代词：who, whom, which, that, whose, as。关系副词：when, where, why。that偶尔也作关系副词。when 指时间 = in

4、 / at / on / during/+ whichwhere指地点 = in / at / from / + whichwhy指原因 = for which注意：1). 当先行词为way、day、reason、time时，可用that作关系副词。（非正式场合） 2). 当time作先行词时，关系词可以省掉。I dont like the way (that / in which / )he talks.This is the first time I have given you a lesson in French.This is the reason why he was late.=

5、This is the reason (that)he was late. 关系词的选用与判断 关系代词和关系副词的选用取决于先行词及它们在定语从句中的语法成份关系代词先行词在定语从句中充当的语法成份who人主语或宾语whom人宾语whose人或物定语which物主语或宾语that人或物主语或宾语as主要用于非限制性的定语从句和suchas, the sameas, asas,结构中。关系副词先行词在定语从句中充当的语法成份when表时间的名词时间状语where表地点的名词地点状语why表原因的名词原因状语that主要用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和

6、介词+ which可作关系副词 确定关系词的步骤（1）先找先行词，看先行词指的是什么。（2）看关系词在从句中所充当的成分。那就是他工作的大学。 at which he works. which / that he works at.That is the college where he works. he works at. （做宾语时，可省略） 它出生的那一天是1952年8月20日。 on which he was born which / that he was born onThe day when he was born was Aug.20,1952. he was born on

7、 . （做宾语时，可省略） why he came late is not clear. The reason which / that he gave is not acceptable. he explained is not acceptable. （做宾语时，可省略）注意定语从句中关系代词的省略与保留：1).在限制性定语从句中which, whom, that充当宾语时，可以省略。而在非限制性定语从句中whom, who, which 不能省略。2).当and, but, or等连词连接两个或两个以上的定语从句修饰一个先行词时,关系代词第一个可省略,第二、第三个等不可省略。例如: Th

8、is is the book (which) I read yesterday and which I found very interesting. 这就是我昨天读的那本书,它很有趣。 You have many people around you (whom) you always turn to and whom you will never forget.你身边有很多人,你经常向他们求助,你永远不要忘记他们。 特殊的定语从句句型：He stood at the window, from where he could see what was happening.【重难点透析】1. 只能

9、用that 而不能用which引导的情况1)关系代词是everything，anything，nothing，all，little，few，much，any，some，none，the one等不定代词时 etc. (something作先行词时，关系代词既可用which 也可用that) We should do all that is useful to the people. Do you mean the one that was bought yesterday.2)先行词被the only，the very，the just ,the same，the last，all，any，s

10、ome，no，few，little，much等修饰 The only thing that we can do was to wait. You can take any seat that is free.3).先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰时 When we talk about Hangzhou, the first that came to our mind is the Westlake.4)先行词是最高级或被最高级级修饰时 This is the best that we can be done now.5)先行词既有人又有物 The director and his movie

11、that you have just talked about is really popular.6)先行词是由数词而形成的代词 In face there are four of them. The two that you could see now survived the fire.7)主句是there be结构He asks for a book(that) there is on the subject .(现有的。)l must make full use of the time(that) there is left to me.( 我要充分利用我的剩余时)8)在双重从句中,

12、其一已经用了which,另一个用that He built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.9)先行词是主句表语,或关系词本身是从句表语China is no longer the country that it (what it )used to be.He has changed a lot ;he is not the man that (who)he was.10)主语是who/which开头的特殊疑问句时，为避免重复Which is the car that hurt my sons

13、 leg? Who that has such a house doesnt love it?2. 只用which而不用that的情况:1) 介宾结构中:Is this the room in which Mr. White live?2) 非限定性定语从句中:His dog, which was now very old, became ill and died.3) 双重从句中,其一已用了that,另一个用which Whats that which flashed in the sky just now.4) 当关系代词后带有插入语Here is the book which, as I

14、 have told you, will help you a lot.3. 当先行词是人,只选who情况1) 先行词是(the)one,(the) ones, anyone, those，he, ect. Those who are not fit for their work should leave office at once.2) 当关系代词后带有插入语lll hire the man who they say is a good English teacher.3) 当先行词后有较长的后置定语I met a foreigner in the park yesterday after

15、noon who could speak Chinese very well.注意：介宾结构中只用whomThe man to whom you just talked is my father.4. 区别以下几组结构 the sameas （指先行词所指的同一类事物中的一个）the same that（指先行词所指的那个事物）He is just the same as he use to be. 他还是和过去一样This is the same watch as I lost.这和我丢失的那一只表一样。（不是同一只）This is the same watch that I lost.这就

16、是我丢失的那一只表。（同一只） such as （定语从句）； such that（结果状语从句）so as （定语从句）； so that （结果状语从句）Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.Lets discuss only such questions as concern everyone of us.These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.Such people as have made great contributions to the wor

17、ld should be greatly respected.This is such a difficult problem as nobody can work out. （定语从句）This is so difficult a problem as nobody can work out. （定语从句）This is such a difficult problem that nobody can work it out. （结果状语从句）This is so difficult a problem that nobody can work it out. （结果状语从句）5. 区别 a

18、s /which 相同之处：都引导非限定性定语从句 ，指代前面的主句所表达的内容。不同之处： 位置不同。as引导的非限定性定语从句可以放句首，句中，句未；而which引导的非限定性定语从句只能放句末。As was natural, he married the girl. 意思不同。as表示“如，正如，象”；which表示“这件事，这点”。 as引导的从句表示说话人对话语的看法态度解释或评论，常与动词see ,know ,hear ,watch ,say, tell ,remember ,believe, hope expect ,describe, report等连用。As everybod

19、y knows, As you may remember; As you say; As I can seeAs I have said; As Im told; As you may have heard; As is said aboveAs is mentioned above; As is reported in the newspaper与主句意义不一致, 用which不用 as错：She has married again, as was unexpected. 对：She has married again, which was unexpected.6. “介词+关系代词” 引

20、导的定语从句 与先行词的习惯搭配决定 This is the room in which Luxun ever lived.（in the room）I still remember the day on which I joined the army.（on the day） 由定语从句中固定搭配动词词组中的介词提前而来The man to whom you just talked is my father.（talk to）This is the piano for which I paid 5,000uan last month. （pay for） 定语从句句意所要求的介词Water

21、, without which man can not live，is really important to the peasants in this area。没有之人类就不能生存的水对这个地区的农民来说极其重要。This is the bus on which the accident happened. 这是发交通意外的那辆巴士This is the bus by which I came to this town. 这是我搭程去镇上的巴士I cant remember the age at which he won the prize.我记不起他获得奖金的年纪That is the

22、age in which people live in peace and happiness.那正是人们生活在和平幸福的时期 “介词+关系代词” (关系代词一般指的是which/whom) 引导的定语从句，有以下几种情况: 1.“介词+which”在定语从句中作时间、原因状语，相当于关系副词。如: (1)This is the reason for which(=why) he left the company. (2)He will never forget the day on which (=when) he went there. (3)Is this company the one

23、 in which (=where) you worked half a year ago? 2.“介词+which/whom”在定语从句中作目的、方式状语。如: (1)Can you tell me for whom you are working? (2)There is a big hole on the wall through which he can see whats happening inside. (3)In the dark street, there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help.3.“不定代

24、词,数词或名词+of which/whom”在定语从句中充当主语。如: (1)There are sixty students in our class, all of whom are working hard. (2)He paid the boy ten yuan for cleaning the windows, most of which hadnt been cleaned for at least a year. 4.“形容词最高级+介词+关系代词”在定语从句中充当主语。如: (1) There are sixty students in the class, the talle

25、st of whom is Li Ming. (2) There are seven continents in the world, the largest of which is Asia. 5.“the + n.+ of + which”引导的定语从句，相当于whose引导的定语从句。如: (1) We took a photo of a rocket, the length of which was about 30 meters.=We took a photo of a rocket, whose length was about 30 meters. (2) Recently I

26、 bought an ancient Chinese vase, the price of which was very reasonable.=Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, whose price was very reasonable. 6.“介词+whose”修饰后面的名词。如: He is the very man in whose pocket I found my lost money. 7.“介词+which/whom+不定式”此结构相当于一个简化了的定语从句。如: (1) He found something about

27、which to write.= He found something about which he could write. (2) The poor man has no house in which to live.=The poor man has no house in which he can live. (3) He is a nice person with whom to work.= He is a nice person with whom we can work.8.介词的选用要根据句意或一些固定搭配决定。其中的介词可以是in， on， about， from， for

28、， with， at， of， without， to。如: (1) Galileo built a telescope through which he could study the sky. (2)The cloth of which this coat is made is produced in Shanghai. (3)He wrote many articles in which he expressed his love for his motherland. 但有些含介词的短语动词一般不能拆开，介词仍放在动词的后面。如:listen to，depend on， take ca

29、re of，pay attention to，look at/for/after等。 Alice is the girl（who/whom/that）you must take good care of. She is poor in health.That is a problem we should pay close attention to. 可拆分词组和固定搭配The second chapter is connected with the use that the body makes of food.Why cant you realize the part that they

30、have played in our life?You can never imagine what great trouble I have finding this paper in my house. 从since when说起，谈谈特殊的定语从句【典例分析】看这道题：2007年山东省高考英语试题考了如下一个定语从句：The book was written in 1946, _ the education system has witnessed great changes.A. when B. during which C. since then D. since when【同类例句

31、】1. He was educated at a local grammar school, after which he went to Cambridge.= He was educated at a local grammar school, and after that he went to Cambridge.2. At home, he never seems to have time until after 10:30 pm, by which time his children have gone to bed.= At home, he never seems to have time until after 1