英语论文写作语言技巧.ppt

1、英语论文语言技巧,写作基本原则,5C原则Correct(正确)Clear(清晰)Concise(简洁)a route which connects/connecting.material which is capable of./material capapble of.Completion(完整)Consistency(一致性)-一段话讲一个意思,Title(标题)Abstract(摘要)Keywords(关键词)Introduction(引言)Method(方法)Results(结果)Discussion(讨论)Conclusion(结论)Acknowledgement(致谢)Refere

2、nce(参考文献)Appendix(附录),Title，Abstract和Introduction部分往往是被评阅者读得最多的，评阅者会根据这些内容产生对文章的第一印象。一篇论文赢得评阅者的多 少好印象，在很大程度上取决于Title，Abstract和Introduction 写得好坏。,标题 Title,基本要求：精准(Accuracy)，简洁(Brevity)，清晰(Clarity)英语科技论文中，标题不宜过长，大多为812个单词左右。Title往往由名词性短语构成，如果出现动词，多为动名词或分词形式。内容层次很多的情况下，可采用主副标题相结合的形式；应将核心内容的主题词放在提名前面的位置

3、。Eg:An effective statistical approach to,名词特点,1.名词有单复数之分，英汉互译时候应注意/和冠词连用A.The local government is trying to stop the flood of refugees(难民)out of Haiti into Florida。B.A host of problems facing many people today are related to the housing.,做主语和宾语，做一个词组的关键词需要许多与生产(manufacturing)无关的加工过程和辅助(auxiliary)设备.

4、require many processing steps and auxiliary facilities not generally associated with/unrelated to manufacturing.,名词特点三：其修饰词语一般都在名词之后，在中文里如果一个关键名词修饰词单位有很多，翻译时应和英文相反1.过去十年所出现的世界资本市场的全球化。The globalization of the worlds capital market which has arisen over the past decade 2.现如今从事写作的青年男女The young man or

5、woman writing/the young man or woman writing today.,3.物体的几何(geometry)形状，加上特定的加工(manufacturing)过程所带来的限制，在解决以上问题中其重要作用The geometry of the object,coupled with the restriction brought by the particular manufacturing process,play a vital role in determining the answer to these questions above./solving th

6、ese questions above.,摘要 Abstract,简洁而充分地表述文章的核心思想。针对什么问题，采用什么方法，得到什么结果。使用简短而简单的句子，逻辑严密，使用指示性词语，如We suggest that,We found that.尽量要避免出现数学公式、引用文献和一些特殊符号等。注意从句的使用，和被动语态的使用。,摘要的基本结构,This article aims to./This article focuses on the.(目的)By.（方法）are finally established.（结果与简短讨论）The results effectively solve

7、the/The solutions are important to.（结论）,This investigation/experiment was performed/conducted/administered to see 表示研究目的 The experiment performed/conducted confirms that.It was hypothesized that 表示假设 The results showed that 表示实验结果 The data suggests that表示调查数据与结果,摘要撰写的主要问题,撰写的篇幅过长，伴随很多冗余的描述性语句,Eg：We

8、find the pollutant sources,get the environmental qualitys evolution pattern and know some ways to reduce pollutant sources.And finally we hope that it could be used to keep the pollution trend within limits.Revised Version:With the pollutant sources being found,the evolution pattern of the environme

9、ntal quality and the ways of the reduction of pollution are finally obtained,which might limit the pollution trend.,我们有决心，有信心，通过深化改革、扩大开放，变压力为动力，迎接加入世贸组织带来的挑战，促进国民经济不断取得新的发展。We have the determination and confidence that through the deepening of reform and opening wider to the outside world,we can tu

10、rn pressure into motive force to take the challenges arisen from our accession to the WTO and enable the national economy to achieve new progress on a continuous basis.,With confidence and determination,and through further reform and opening wider to the outside world,we will respond positively to t

11、he pressure upon us,meeting challenges arising from Chinas accession to the WTO,and pushing forward the development of our national economy.,引言Introduction&讨论Discussion,Introduction：What is known？What is unknown？Why did we this study？Discussion：State what you found;Outline the strengths and limitati

12、ons of the study;Discuss the relevance to current literature;Outline your implications with a clear So what?and Where now?,语言技巧,(1)注意句子上下连贯，不能让句子独立。常见的连接词有，However,also,in addition,consequently,afterwards,moreover,Furthermore,further,although,unlike,in contrast,Similarly,Unfortunately,alternatively,

13、parallel results,In order to,despite,For example,Compared with,other results,thus,therefore用好连接词能使文章层次清楚，意思明确。(2)注意段落布局的整体逻辑：经常我们要叙述一个问题的几个方面。这种情况下，一定要注意逻辑结构。第一段要明确告诉读者你要讨论几个部份Therefore,there are three aspects of this problem to be addressed.The first question involvesThe second problem relates toTh

14、e third aspect deals with清晰地把观点逐层叙述。也可以直接用First,Second,Third,Finally当然，Furthermore,in addition等可以用来补充说明。,（3）引言部分最后的圆场：在前言的最后，还可以总结性地提出“这一研究对其它研究有什么帮助”；或者说further studies onwill be summarized in our next study(or elsewhere)。总之，其目的就是让读者把思路集中到你要讨论的问题上来。尽量减少不必要的争论(arguments)。,（4）讨论文章的不足之处，既不要刻意隐藏文章的漏洞，也

15、不要过分谦虚。研究的问题有点片面，讨论时可以说，It should be noted(notice)that this study has examined onlyWe concentrate(focus)on onlyWe have to point out that we do not.=It must be pointed out that.Some limitations of this study are,结论有所不足：Notwithstanding its limitation(Despite/In spite of its limitation,),this study doe

16、s suggestNotwithstanding用法Notwithstanding the heat of the sun we must go out.虽然有些重大的经费问题，这所学校一年来还是很成功Notwithstanding some major financial problems,the school has had a successful year.In spite of the fact that there are some major financial problems,.,句子长度,1.句子长度尽量的短-技术性很强的句子长度应在25个子之内2.科技论文表示时候，从属信

17、息最好用介词，分词，不定式引导，少用定语从句引导。A.The problem under discussion(which is being discussed).B.radiant energy,similar in nature to light.(radiant energy which is similar.)C.The absorption and emission polarization properties of InAs quantum rods embedded in(which are embedded in)InP nanowires(NWs)are investiga

18、ted by mean of.,Music videos are shown on MTV.They usually show images that represent the lyrics of a song.They also graphically illustrate the singers messageRevised:music videos shown on MTV usually show images that represent the lyrics of a song,graphically illustrating the singers message,学术论文中的

19、语言,人称代词问题：尽量避免人称代词的使用，人称代词过多显示了研究的主观性。人称代词使用we,-I,my,you,our问题We believe,we can infer,we conclude,we recommend,示例：We believe that the results reflect theRevised:the results reflect theOur results show.Revised:the results show,In my opinion,the research results reflectRevised:the research results ref

20、lect避免使用youIt is important that examor you should examineRevised:examine,形容词等修饰词语问题,正式写作中要避免a lot,many,many kinds of,all kinds of 改为several,various,numerousThere are many different reasons.Revised:there are numerous reasons.国内外许多研究者们：Numerous researchers at home and abroad.,2.Not much-littleThe stud

21、ents did not have much difficulty with the assignment.Revised:the students had little difficulty Not much research has focused onRevised:Little research at home and abroad has focused on3.not many-few Few researchers at home and abroad have focused on_,修饰程度的副词使用问题,副词在句子中，表示程度大小问题A.stubbornly high un

22、employment rate.B.be distinctively different from.截然不同C.violently agitated(excited),3.Veryhighly,extremely,rather,quite,significantlyA.数据在实验过程中变化不大The data did not alter significantly during the expriement.B.American English is significantly different from British EnglishC.Eating a good diet signifi

23、cantly lessens the risk of heart disease.D.大多数人都能说，但能写的人就少多了Most people have speech,but significantly fewer have writing,rapid/rapidly迅速的，飞快的，险峻的steady/steadily稳固的，坚定不移的gradual/gradually渐进的，逐渐的slight/slightly轻微的、略微地stable/stably稳定的巨大地：dramatically(Dramatic changes about_ have taken place over the pa

24、st few decades.),substantially(make substantial progress),描述科研成果的形容词,下面列举常用来描述的研究的正式形容词Positive work:important,innovative,significant,careful,unusual,impressive,remarkable,fruitful,Neutral or average work：explorative(The explorative study 探索性研究),preliminary（初步的）,modest,accurate,simplePoor work:flawe

25、d,unsatisfactory,restricted,thin,正式文体中的动词,正式动词Happen-occur,/has happened-has occurred.-occur 主语一般都是事情1.A good idea occurs to me.2.What occurred in the computer simulation is related to.,3.It never occurred to researchers at home and abroad that.-文献综述之后用之4.A defining event actually occurred three yea

26、rs before the century began.5.Yet another defining/remarkable event of the century came/occurred in 2009.,produce-ariseThe problem arising from(which arises)the experiment is related to.当系统不能充分发挥作用时，就会出现问题。Problems arise when the system is not functioning adequately.,Getreceive,obtain计算机模拟计算中所得到的数据足

27、以表面。The data obtained from the computer simulation are good evidences that.(所得到的数据足以表面。)越来越多证据表明：The evidence is rapidly mounting that the second style is more productive than the first one.,serve as/serve for/serve to do:作为，用作；充当；起作用；用作A.Studies serve for delight,for ornament(decoration),and for ab

28、ility.B.serves directly to assist.(直接有助于)C.Such stories serve as a spur to childrens imagination.,act as 担当，起的作用；充A.Financial institutions act as intermediaries between lenders and borrowers.B.A newly-devised microcomputer can act as a guide to a blind person,表达作者观点的用词：The researchers argue/contend/

29、maintain/believe/claim/(but the author does not totally agree:the author is not convinced)The researchers implied(suggests something without saying it directly)that,作者总结性表述方式：The researchers suggest/point out/note/stress/emphasize/add/begins by/begins with/concludes by/concludes thatYou can tell tha

30、t he is extremely embarrassed,Mr Brigden added.,正式使用that正式写作中进行比较时：that of/those ofInformal:the tensile strength of aluminum is lower than zines.Formal:the tensile strength of aluminum is lower than that of zine.,Other conventionsBritish Phrases American phrasesShall willOwing to due toAs per your r

31、equest/Based on your request,or As you request(根据),等等；用法避免使用etc.和and so forthThese special tax laws have been enacted in six states:Illinois,Iowa,Ohio,etc.Revised:enacted in six states,including,and,科技论文中常用缩略词语Cf-compareThe evidence clearly indicates that(cf Jones 2006,who advances.).e.g.-for exampl

32、eSmall animals(e.g.,rabbits,gerbils)were used in this study.,i.e.-that is to sayEt al.all other authorsSmith et al.(use only when there are 3 or more authors)qtd in-as quoted in(qtd in.).Vs.or vversus/as compared toas opposed toThe ratio of X vs.Y is,Ibid.(ibidem),同前，如上Two weeks prior to a written s

33、et sail position,the program ibid.开船前两周书面定仓，程序同上Apply the basic conditions Ibid 申请基本条件同上。,标点符号使用,1.use of commaA.一系列事物之间逗号（comma within a series of items）Research in this area has provided scientists with the opportunity to understand the impact of.,made over time,and.,2.转折词前后(transition words)The test was valid;however,the results were questionable.The test was valid.However,the The test was vali