英语论文写作语言技巧.ppt
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英语论文语言技巧,写作基本原则,5C原则Correct(正确)Clear(清晰)Concise(简洁)aroutewhichconnects/connecting.materialwhichiscapableof./materialcapapbleof.Completion(完整)Consistency(一致性)-一段话讲一个意思,Title(标题)Abstract(摘要)Keywords(关键词)Introduction(引言)Method(方法)Results(结果)Discussion(讨论)Conclusion(结论)Acknowledgement(致谢)Reference(参考文献)Appendix(附录),Title,Abstract和Introduction部分往往是被评阅者读得最多的,评阅者会根据这些内容产生对文章的第一印象。
一篇论文赢得评阅者的多少好印象,在很大程度上取决于Title,Abstract和Introduction写得好坏。
标题Title,基本要求:
精准(Accuracy),简洁(Brevity),清晰(Clarity)英语科技论文中,标题不宜过长,大多为812个单词左右。
Title往往由名词性短语构成,如果出现动词,多为动名词或分词形式。
内容层次很多的情况下,可采用主副标题相结合的形式;应将核心内容的主题词放在提名前面的位置。
Eg:
Aneffectivestatisticalapproachto,名词特点,1.名词有单复数之分,英汉互译时候应注意/和冠词连用A.Thelocalgovernmentistryingtostopthefloodofrefugees(难民)outofHaitiintoFlorida。
B.Ahostofproblemsfacingmanypeopletodayarerelatedtothehousing.,做主语和宾语,做一个词组的关键词需要许多与生产(manufacturing)无关的加工过程和辅助(auxiliary)设备.requiremanyprocessingstepsandauxiliaryfacilitiesnotgenerallyassociatedwith/unrelatedtomanufacturing.,名词特点三:
其修饰词语一般都在名词之后,在中文里如果一个关键名词修饰词单位有很多,翻译时应和英文相反1.过去十年所出现的世界资本市场的全球化。
Theglobalizationoftheworldscapitalmarketwhichhasarisenoverthepastdecade2.现如今从事写作的青年男女Theyoungmanorwomanwriting/theyoungmanorwomanwritingtoday.,3.物体的几何(geometry)形状,加上特定的加工(manufacturing)过程所带来的限制,在解决以上问题中其重要作用Thegeometryoftheobject,coupledwiththerestrictionbroughtbytheparticularmanufacturingprocess,playavitalroleindeterminingtheanswertothesequestionsabove./solvingthesequestionsabove.,摘要Abstract,简洁而充分地表述文章的核心思想。
针对什么问题,采用什么方法,得到什么结果。
使用简短而简单的句子,逻辑严密,使用指示性词语,如Wesuggestthat,Wefoundthat.尽量要避免出现数学公式、引用文献和一些特殊符号等。
注意从句的使用,和被动语态的使用。
摘要的基本结构,Thisarticleaimsto./Thisarticlefocusesonthe.(目的)By.(方法)arefinallyestablished.(结果与简短讨论)Theresultseffectivelysolvethe/Thesolutionsareimportantto.(结论),Thisinvestigation/experimentwasperformed/conducted/administeredtosee表示研究目的Theexperimentperformed/conductedconfirmsthat.Itwashypothesizedthat表示假设Theresultsshowedthat表示实验结果Thedatasuggeststhat表示调查数据与结果,摘要撰写的主要问题,撰写的篇幅过长,伴随很多冗余的描述性语句,Eg:
Wefindthepollutantsources,gettheenvironmentalqualitysevolutionpatternandknowsomewaystoreducepollutantsources.Andfinallywehopethatitcouldbeusedtokeepthepollutiontrendwithinlimits.RevisedVersion:
Withthepollutantsourcesbeingfound,theevolutionpatternoftheenvironmentalqualityandthewaysofthereductionofpollutionarefinallyobtained,whichmightlimitthepollutiontrend.,我们有决心,有信心,通过深化改革、扩大开放,变压力为动力,迎接加入世贸组织带来的挑战,促进国民经济不断取得新的发展。
Wehavethedeterminationandconfidencethatthroughthedeepeningofreformandopeningwidertotheoutsideworld,wecanturnpressureintomotiveforcetotakethechallengesarisenfromouraccessiontotheWTOandenablethenationaleconomytoachievenewprogressonacontinuousbasis.,Withconfidenceanddetermination,andthroughfurtherreformandopeningwidertotheoutsideworld,wewillrespondpositivelytothepressureuponus,meetingchallengesarisingfromChinasaccessiontotheWTO,andpushingforwardthedevelopmentofournationaleconomy.,引言Introduction&讨论Discussion,Introduction:
Whatisknown?
Whatisunknown?
Whydidwethisstudy?
Discussion:
Statewhatyoufound;Outlinethestrengthsandlimitationsofthestudy;Discusstherelevancetocurrentliterature;OutlineyourimplicationswithaclearSowhat?
andWherenow?
语言技巧,
(1)注意句子上下连贯,不能让句子独立。
常见的连接词有,However,also,inaddition,consequently,afterwards,moreover,Furthermore,further,although,unlike,incontrast,Similarly,Unfortunately,alternatively,parallelresults,Inorderto,despite,Forexample,Comparedwith,otherresults,thus,therefore用好连接词能使文章层次清楚,意思明确。
(2)注意段落布局的整体逻辑:
经常我们要叙述一个问题的几个方面。
这种情况下,一定要注意逻辑结构。
第一段要明确告诉读者你要讨论几个部份Therefore,therearethreeaspectsofthisproblemtobeaddressed.ThefirstquestioninvolvesThesecondproblemrelatestoThethirdaspectdealswith清晰地把观点逐层叙述。
也可以直接用First,Second,Third,Finally当然,Furthermore,inaddition等可以用来补充说明。
(3)引言部分最后的圆场:
在前言的最后,还可以总结性地提出“这一研究对其它研究有什么帮助”;或者说furtherstudiesonwillbesummarizedinournextstudy(orelsewhere)。
总之,其目的就是让读者把思路集中到你要讨论的问题上来。
尽量减少不必要的争论(arguments)。
(4)讨论文章的不足之处,既不要刻意隐藏文章的漏洞,也不要过分谦虚。
研究的问题有点片面,讨论时可以说,Itshouldbenoted(notice)thatthisstudyhasexaminedonlyWeconcentrate(focus)ononlyWehavetopointoutthatwedonot.=Itmustbepointedoutthat.Somelimitationsofthisstudyare,结论有所不足:
Notwithstandingitslimitation(Despite/Inspiteofitslimitation,),thisstudydoessuggestNotwithstanding用法Notwithstandingtheheatofthesunwemustgoout.虽然有些重大的经费问题,这所学校一年来还是很成功Notwithstandingsomemajorfinancialproblems,theschoolhashadasuccessfulyear.Inspiteofthefactthattherearesomemajorfinancialproblems,.,句子长度,1.句子长度尽量的短-技术性很强的句子长度应在25个子之内2.科技论文表示时候,从属信息最好用介词,分词,不定式引导,少用定语从句引导。
A.Theproblemunderdiscussion(whichisbeingdiscussed).B.radiantenergy,similarinnaturetolight.(radiantenergywhichissimilar.)C.TheabsorptionandemissionpolarizationpropertiesofInAsquantumrodsembeddedin(whichareembeddedin)InPnanowires(NWs)areinvestigatedbymeanof.,MusicvideosareshownonMTV.Theyusuallyshowimagesthatrepresentthelyricsofasong.TheyalsographicallyillustratethesingersmessageRevised:
musicvideosshownonMTVusuallyshowimagesthatrepresentthelyricsofasong,graphicallyillustratingthesingersmessage,学术论文中的语言,人称代词问题:
尽量避免人称代词的使用,人称代词过多显示了研究的主观性。
人称代词使用we,-I,my,you,our问题Webelieve,wecaninfer,weconclude,werecommend,示例:
WebelievethattheresultsreflecttheRevised:
theresultsreflecttheOurresultsshow.Revised:
theresultsshow,Inmyopinion,theresearchresultsreflectRevised:
theresearchresultsreflect避免使用youItisimportantthatexamoryoushouldexamineRevised:
examine,形容词等修饰词语问题,正式写作中要避免alot,many,manykindsof,allkindsof改为several,various,numerousTherearemanydifferentreasons.Revised:
therearenumerousreasons.国内外许多研究者们:
Numerousresearchersathomeandabroad.,2.Notmuch-littleThestudentsdidnothavemuchdifficultywiththeassignment.Revised:
thestudentshadlittledifficultyNotmuchresearchhasfocusedonRevised:
Littleresearchathomeandabroadhasfocusedon3.notmany-fewFewresearchersathomeandabroadhavefocusedon_,修饰程度的副词使用问题,副词在句子中,表示程度大小问题A.stubbornlyhighunemploymentrate.B.bedistinctivelydifferentfrom.截然不同C.violentlyagitated(excited),3.Veryhighly,extremely,rather,quite,significantlyA.数据在实验过程中变化不大Thedatadidnotaltersignificantlyduringtheexpriement.B.AmericanEnglishissignificantlydifferentfromBritishEnglishC.Eatingagooddietsignificantlylessenstheriskofheartdisease.D.大多数人都能说,但能写的人就少多了Mostpeoplehavespeech,butsignificantlyfewerhavewriting,rapid/rapidly迅速的,飞快的,险峻的steady/steadily稳固的,坚定不移的gradual/gradually渐进的,逐渐的slight/slightly轻微的、略微地stable/stably稳定的巨大地:
dramatically(Dramaticchangesabout_havetakenplaceoverthepastfewdecades.),substantially(makesubstantialprogress),描述科研成果的形容词,下面列举常用来描述的研究的正式形容词Positivework:
important,innovative,significant,careful,unusual,impressive,remarkable,fruitful,Neutraloraveragework:
explorative(Theexplorativestudy探索性研究),preliminary(初步的),modest,accurate,simplePoorwork:
flawed,unsatisfactory,restricted,thin,正式文体中的动词,正式动词Happen-occur,/hashappened-hasoccurred.-occur主语一般都是事情1.Agoodideaoccurstome.2.Whatoccurredinthecomputersimulationisrelatedto.,3.Itneveroccurredtoresearchersathomeandabroadthat.-文献综述之后用之4.Adefiningeventactuallyoccurredthreeyearsbeforethecenturybegan.5.Yetanotherdefining/remarkableeventofthecenturycame/occurredin2009.,produce-ariseTheproblemarisingfrom(whicharises)theexperimentisrelatedto.当系统不能充分发挥作用时,就会出现问题。
Problemsarisewhenthesystemisnotfunctioningadequately.,Getreceive,obtain计算机模拟计算中所得到的数据足以表面。
Thedataobtainedfromthecomputersimulationaregoodevidencesthat.(所得到的数据足以表面。
)越来越多证据表明:
Theevidenceisrapidlymountingthatthesecondstyleismoreproductivethanthefirstone.,serveas/servefor/servetodo:
作为,用作;充当;起作用;用作A.Studiesservefordelight,forornament(decoration),andforability.B.servesdirectlytoassist.(直接有助于)C.Suchstoriesserveasaspurtochildrensimagination.,actas担当,起的作用;充A.Financialinstitutionsactasintermediariesbetweenlendersandborrowers.B.Anewly-devisedmicrocomputercanactasaguidetoablindperson,表达作者观点的用词:
Theresearchersargue/contend/maintain/believe/claim/(buttheauthordoesnottotallyagree:
theauthorisnotconvinced)Theresearchersimplied(suggestssomethingwithoutsayingitdirectly)that,作者总结性表述方式:
Theresearcherssuggest/pointout/note/stress/emphasize/add/beginsby/beginswith/concludesby/concludesthatYoucantellthatheisextremelyembarrassed,MrBrigdenadded.,正式使用that正式写作中进行比较时:
thatof/thoseofInformal:
thetensilestrengthofaluminumislowerthanzines.Formal:
thetensilestrengthofaluminumislowerthanthatofzine.,OtherconventionsBritishPhrasesAmericanphrasesShallwillOwingtoduetoAsperyourrequest/Basedonyourrequest,orAsyourequest(根据),等等;用法避免使用etc.和andsoforthThesespecialtaxlawshavebeenenactedinsixstates:
Illinois,Iowa,Ohio,etc.Revised:
enactedinsixstates,including,and,科技论文中常用缩略词语Cf-compareTheevidenceclearlyindicatesthat(cfJones2006,whoadvances.).e.g.-forexampleSmallanimals(e.g.,rabbits,gerbils)wereusedinthisstudy.,i.e.-thatistosayEtal.allotherauthorsSmithetal.(useonlywhenthereare3ormoreauthors)qtdin-asquotedin(qtdin.).Vs.orvversus/ascomparedtoasopposedtoTheratioofXvs.Yis,Ibid.(ibidem),同前,如上Twoweekspriortoawrittensetsailposition,theprogramibid.开船前两周书面定仓,程序同上ApplythebasicconditionsIbid申请基本条件同上。
标点符号使用,1.useofcommaA.一系列事物之间逗号(commawithinaseriesofitems)Researchinthisareahasprovidedscientistswiththeopportunitytounderstandtheimpactof.,madeovertime,and.,2.转折词前后(transitionwords)Thetestwasvalid;however,theresultswerequestionable.Thetestwasvalid.However,theThetestwasvali