考研长难句讲义终稿.docx

1、考研长难句讲义终稿考研长难句句子结构 简单句简单句的五种基本结构 A girl comes. She is attractive. I like her. I make her happy. I give her a diamond ring.并列句 两个或以上独立分句 并列连词 各分句主谓完整 各分句意思同等重要，互相独立 主要连词： and， or， but，neithernor，yet2000年Text1 A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handle

2、d, it may become a driving force. 复合句 一个主句和一个或多个从句 主句表达主要意思 从句表达次要意思三大从句 名词性从句名词从句引导词对应的简单句类型引导词是否作成分引导词是否可以省略连词that对应于陈述句不作成分，无实际含义在不影响句子意思的情况下，宾语从句的that可以省略连词whetherif对应于一般疑问句不作成分，有“是否”得含义不能省去，因为有“是否”的含义连接副词when,where,why,how连接代词who,whom,what, which,whose对应与特殊疑问句When,where, why,how在从句中作状语；who,whom

3、,what作主语、宾语、表语；which和whose作定语，后接名词不能省去，因为既作“成分”又有“实际含义”一、主语从句 that引导的主语从句 whether引导的主语从句 特殊疑问词引导的主语从句 that引导的主语从句 That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. （1998年Text5） That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. （2006年Text3）常见的主语从句的类型 1. It is +形容词+that 从句 It is obvious/nec

4、essary/likely/fortunate/true that It is true that English is becoming an international language.2000年翻译 Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry. 2. It is +过去分词+that 从句 It is believed that(人们认为) It is

5、generally thought that （人们普遍认为）1995年考研完形 For example, it has long been known that total sleep deprivation is 100 percent fatal to rats.1992年翻译 But it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal

6、 and mathematical symbols in solving problems. 3. It is +名词短语+that It is a fact that It is a common knowledge that It is my belief that It is common knowledge that whale is not a fish. It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wif

7、e. (Pride and Prejudice) 4. It +不及物动词+that 从句 It seems that It follows that因此 It happens that碰巧是 It turns out that结果 It seemed that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that occurred through all the western world since the time of the industrial revolution. whe

8、ther引导的主语从句 Whether the eyes are “the windows of the soul ” is debatable; That they are intensely important in interpesonal communication is a fact.2005年Text1 However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that th

9、e species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question. 特殊疑问词引导的主语从句 How a person masters his fate is more important than what his fate is. 72) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information

10、 used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. 二、宾语从句按位置划分 及物动词后的宾语从句 介词后的宾语从句 及物动词后的宾语从句 I have learned that love, not time, heals all wounds.2005年Text2 Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didnt know fo

11、r sure? 介词后的宾语从句 There is disagreement among economist about what money is and how money is measured.1997年Text4 “The test of any democratic society,” he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression th

12、e widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. 三、表语从句 The truth is that marriage, at the start, is an empty box. You must put something in before you can take anything out. There is no love in marriage, love is in people, and people put it into marriage.20

13、02年Text3 One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. 1997年Text2 A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly

14、, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. 四、同位语从句 抽象名词+that +陈述句 There is a popular saying that family instablility causes social instablity.2005年Text3 A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears.定语从

15、句1、形容词作定语与从句作定语的比较 I dont like lazy people. I dont like people who never keep their word.2、先行词和关系词 先行词：被定语从句所修饰的对象称为先行词。 关系词：重复指代先行词、起连接主句和从句的作用，并且在定语从句中充当一定成分的连接词称为关系词。先行词 一个词 一个短语 一个句子2006年完形 Even when homeless individuals manage to find a _ that will give them three meals a day and a place to sle

16、ep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day wandering the street. A lodgingB shelterC dwelling（B）D house1995年Text3 Many of lifes problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. 2004年翻译 The Greeks

17、assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be. 关系代词的用法 关系副词的用法 介词+关系代词 限定性和非限定性定语从句的区别 定语从句和同位语从句的区别关系代词2005年翻译 47) In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been inc

18、reasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. 1999年Text2 Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the

19、 companys private intranet.2000年Text1 America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.关系副词 when where why（考研涉及很少）1999年Text1 Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compens

20、ate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers misfortunes.2005年Text3 Of all the components of a good nights sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world wh

21、ere logic is suspended and dead people speak. 1999年Text1 As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldnt have changed anything. why的用法 why用来表原因，只引导限制性定语从句，先行词是reason等表示原因的名词。 This is the reaso

22、n why I didnt come here. 此处的why=for which介词+关系代词1994年Text1 The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that

23、 they want most. 2003年Text3 Its a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. 限定性与非限定性定语从句 一、限定性定语从句 若去掉限定性定语从句，则主句部分的意思不明确，或意义不完整，所以不能用逗号来分隔先行词和定语从句。 There are two factors whic

24、h determine an individuals intelligence. He is a man who is of value to the people. 二、非限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句用来提供附加的而非必要的信息，只是对先行词作进一步解释、补充和说明。若去掉此定语从句，整个主句的意义一样很明确，不会引起误解和歧义。 The cab drivers, who knew about the traffic jam, took another road. The cab drivers who knew about the traffic jam took another ro

25、ad. 定语从句与同位语从句的区分 The news that you heard is not true. The news that Lincoln was murdered at a theater is true.综合练习 The fact that artisans, who were looked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century, are frequently considered artists today is directly attributable to the Arts and C

26、rafts Movement of the nineteenth century.状语从句 状语从句种类 常用连接词 特殊连接词 时间状语从句 When, while, as, before, since, till, until, as soon as 1. 一些时间名词：the moment, the instant, the minute, the day, next time, every time 2. 一些副词：instantly, immediately, directly 3. 固定搭配的连词：no sooner-than, hardly-when, scarcely-when

27、. 地点状语从句 Where Wherever, anywhere, everywhere 原因状语从句 Because, as, for, since Seeing that, considering that, now that, given that, in that, inasmuch as, insomuch as 目的状语从句 So that, in order that, that Lest, for fear that, in case, in the hope that, on purpose that, for the purpose that, to the end th

28、at 结果状语从句 So-that, so that, such-that Such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that, to such an extent that 条件状语从句 If, unless Suppose, supposing, providing, provided(特别关注：supposed, provide不用作条件从句的连词）on condition that, so long as, as long as 让步状语从句 Although, though, even th

29、ough, even if While(一般用在句首), as(用于倒装结构),whatever, whoever, whichever, however, whenever, wherever, whether - or-, as adj. as +主谓结构用在句首 比较状语从句 As, than The more-, the more-; just as-, so-; A is to B what/as C is to D; no more-than; not A so much as B/not so much A as B 方式状语从句 as, the way 结果状语从句 常用引导结

30、果状语从句的连词有：sothat, suchthat以及so that和such that.sothat的用法 接形容词2001年考研翻译 75) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder - kitchen rage. 接副词 1999年阅读Text5 He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. suchthat的用法2006年完形 Indeed, homelessness has reached such proportions that local governments cant possibly cope. 1998年Text5 As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures (cracks