考研长难句讲义终稿.docx

考研长难句讲义终稿.docx

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考研长难句讲义终稿

考研长难句

句子结构

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简单句

简单句的五种基本结构

•Agirlcomes.

•Sheisattractive.

•Ilikeher.

•Imakeherhappy.

•Igiveheradiamondring.

并列句

•两个或以上独立分句

•并列连词

•各分句主谓完整

•各分句意思同等重要，互相独立

•主要连词：

•and，or，but，neither…nor，yet

2000年Text1

•Ahistoryoflongandeffortlesssuccesscanbeadreadfulhandicap,but,ifproperlyhandled,itmaybecomeadrivingforce.

复合句

•一个主句和一个或多个从句

•主句表达主要意思

•从句表达次要意思

三大从句

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名词性从句

名词从句引导词

对应的简单句类型

引导词是否作成分

引导词是否可以省略

连词that

对应于陈述句

不作成分，无实际含义

在不影响句子意思的情况下，宾语从句的that可以省略

连词whether\if

对应于一般疑问句

不作成分，有“是否”得含义

不能省去，因为有“是否”的含义

连接副词when,where,

why,how

连接代词who,whom,what,which,

whose

对应与特殊疑问句

When,where,why,how在从句中作状语；who,whom,what作主语、宾语、表语；which和whose作定语，后接名词

不能省去，因为既作“成分”又有“实际含义”

一、主语从句

●that引导的主语从句

●whether引导的主语从句

●特殊疑问词引导的主语从句

●that引导的主语从句

•Thattheplatesaremovingisnowbeyonddispute.（1998年Text5）

•Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.（2006年Text3）

常见的主语从句的类型

•1.Itis+形容词+that从句

•Itisobvious/necessary/likely/fortunate/truethat…

•ItistruethatEnglishisbecominganinternationallanguage.

2000年翻译

•Furthermore,itisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry’seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry.

•2.Itis+过去分词+that从句

•Itisbelievedthat（人们认为…）

•Itisgenerallythoughtthat（人们普遍认为…）

1995年考研完形

•Forexample,ithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleepdeprivationis100percentfataltorats.

1992年翻译

•Butitisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideasreadily,makedistinctions,reasonlogically,andmakeuseofverbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.

•3.Itis+名词短语+that

•Itisafactthat…

•Itisacommonknowledgethat

•Itismybeliefthat…

•Itiscommonknowledgethatwhaleisnotafish.

•Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledged,thatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortune,mustbeinwantofawife.

•（PrideandPrejudice）

•4.It+不及物动词+that从句

•Itseemsthat…

•Itfollowsthat…因此

•Ithappensthat…碰巧是

•Itturnsoutthat…结果

•ItseemedthatCanadawasoncemorefallinginstepwiththetrendtowardsmallerfamiliesthatoccurredthroughallthewesternworldsincethetimeoftheindustrialrevolution.

●whether引导的主语从句

•Whethertheeyesare“thewindowsofthesoul”isdebatable;Thattheyareintenselyimportantininterpesonalcommunicationisafact.

2005年Text1

•However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.

•特殊疑问词引导的主语从句

•Howapersonmastershisfateismoreimportantthanwhathisfateis.

•72）Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.

二、宾语从句——按位置划分

•及物动词后的宾语从句

•介词后的宾语从句

•及物动词后的宾语从句

•Ihavelearnedthatlove,nottime,healsallwounds.

2005年Text2

•Doyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistsarguedthatsmokingwouldkillusbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidn’tknowforsure?

•介词后的宾语从句

•Thereisdisagreementamongeconomistaboutwhatmoneyisandhowmoneyismeasured.

1997年Text4

•“Thetestofanydemocraticsociety,”hewroteinaWallStreetJournalcolumn,“liesnotinhowwellitcancontrolexpressionbutinwhetheritgivesfreedomofthoughtandexpressionthewidestpossiblelatitude,howeverdisputableorirritatingtheresultsmaysometimesbe.

三、表语从句

•Thetruthisthatmarriage,atthestart,isanemptybox.Youmustputsomethinginbeforeyoucantakeanythingout.Thereisnoloveinmarriage,loveisinpeople,andpeopleputitintomarriage.

2002年Text3

•Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthat,unliketherisesinthe1970s,ithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.

1997年Text2

•AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendly,courteous,andhelpfulmostAmericansweretothem.

四、同位语从句

•抽象名词+that+陈述句

•Thereisapopularsayingthatfamilyinstablilitycausessocialinstablity.

2005年Text3

•Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears.

定语从句

1、形容词作定语与从句作定语的比较

•Idon’tlikelazypeople.

•Idon’tlikepeoplewhoneverkeeptheirword.

2、先行词和关系词

•先行词：

被定语从句所修饰的对象称为先行词。

•关系词：

重复指代先行词、起连接主句和从句的作用，并且在定语从句中充当一定成分的连接词称为关系词。

先行词

•一个词

•一个短语

•一个句子

2006年完形

•Evenwhenhomelessindividualsmanagetofinda______thatwillgivethemthreemealsadayandaplacetosleepatnight,agoodnumberstillspendthebulkofeachdaywanderingthestreet.

[A]lodging

[B]shelter

[C]dwelling（B）

[D]house

1995年Text3

•Manyoflife’sproblemswhichweresolvedbyaskingfamilymembers,friendsorcolleaguesarebeyondthecapabilityoftheextendedfamilytoresolve.

2004年翻译

•TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthought,whichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagescouldbe.

•关系代词的用法

•关系副词的用法

•介词+关系代词

•限定性和非限定性定语从句的区别

•定语从句和同位语从句的区别

关系代词

2005年翻译

•47）InEurope,aselsewhere,multi-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessful:

groupswhichbringtogethertelevision,radio,newspapers,magazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.

1999年Text2

•Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbyconductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothecompany’sprivateintranet.

2000年Text1

•AmericaandAmericanswereprosperousbeyondthedreamsoftheEuropeansandAsianswhoseeconomiesthewarhaddestroyed.

关系副词

•when

•where

•why（考研涉及很少）

1999年Text1

•Luckily,ifthedoormatorstovefailedtowarnofcomingdisaster,asuccessfullawsuitmightcompensateyouforyourtroubles.Orsothethinkinghasgonesincetheearly1980s,whenjuriesbeganholdingmorecompaniesliablefortheircustomers’misfortunes.

2005年Text3

•Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight’ssleep,dreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indreams,awindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeak.

1999年Text1

•Aspersonalinjuryclaimscontinueasbefore,somecourtsarebeginningtosidewithdefendants,especiallyincaseswhereawarninglabelprobablywouldn’thavechangedanything.

why的用法

•why用来表原因，只引导限制性定语从句，先行词是reason等表示原因的名词。

•ThisisthereasonwhyIdidn’tcomehere.

•此处的why=forwhich

介词+关系代词

1994年Text1

•TheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise,market-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.

2003年Text3

•It’satheorytowhichmanyeconomistssubscribe,butinpracticeitoftenleavesrailroadsinthepositionofdeterminingwhichcompanieswillflourishandwhichwillfail.

限定性与非限定性定语从句

•一、限定性定语从句

•若去掉限定性定语从句，则主句部分的意思不明确，或意义不完整，所以不能用逗号来分隔先行词和定语从句。

•Therearetwofactorswhichdetermineanindividual’sintelligence.

•Heisamanwhoisofvaluetothepeople.

•二、非限定性定语从句

•非限定性定语从句用来提供附加的而非必要的信息，只是对先行词作进一步解释、补充和说明。

若去掉此定语从句，整个主句的意义一样很明确，不会引起误解和歧义。

•Thecabdrivers,whoknewaboutthetrafficjam,tookanotherroad.

•Thecabdriverswhoknewaboutthetrafficjamtookanotherroad.

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定语从句与同位语从句的区分

•Thenewsthatyouheardisnottrue.

•ThenewsthatLincolnwasmurderedatatheateristrue.

综合练习

•Thefactthatartisans,whowerelookedonasmechanicsorskilledworkersintheeighteenthcentury,arefrequentlyconsideredartiststodayisdirectlyattributabletotheArtsandCraftsMovementofthenineteenthcentury.

状语从句

•状语从句种类

•常用连接词

•特殊连接词

•时间状语从句

•When,while,as,before,since,till,until,assoonas

•1.一些时间名词：

themoment,theinstant,theminute,theday,nexttime,everytime

•2.一些副词：

instantly,immediately,directly

•3.固定搭配的连词：

nosooner---than,hardly---when,scarcely---when.

•地点状语从句

•Where

•Wherever,anywhere,everywhere

•原因状语从句

•Because,as,for,since

•Seeingthat,consideringthat,nowthat,giventhat,inthat,inasmuchas,insomuchas

•目的状语从句

•Sothat,inorderthat,that

•Lest,forfearthat,incase,inthehopethat,onpurposethat,forthepurposethat,totheendthat

•结果状语从句

•So---that,sothat,such---that

•Suchthat,tothedegreethat,totheextentthat,tosuchadegreethat,tosuchanextentthat

•条件状语从句

•If,unless

•Suppose,supposing,providing,provided（特别关注：

supposed,provide不用作条件从句的连词）onconditionthat,solongas,aslongas

•让步状语从句

•Although,though,eventhough,evenif

•While（一般用在句首）,as（用于倒装结构）,whatever,whoever,whichever,however,whenever,wherever,whether---or---,asadj.as+主谓结构用在句首

•比较状语从句

•As,than

•Themore---,themore---;justas---,so---;

•AistoBwhat/asCistoD;nomore--than;

•notAsomuchasB/notsomuchAasB

•方式状语从句

•as,theway

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结果状语从句

•常用引导结果状语从句的连词有：

so…that,such…that以及sothat和suchthat.

so…that的用法

•接形容词

2001年考研翻译

•75）Andhomeapplianceswillalsobecomesosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakoutofanewpsychologicaldisorder--kitchenrage.

•接副词

•1999年阅读Text5

•Hehasputforwardunquestionedclaimssoconsistentlythathenotonlybelievesthemhimself,buthasconvincedindustrialandbusinessmanagementthattheyaretrue.

such…that的用法

2006年完形

•Indeed,homelessnesshasreachedsuchproportionsthatlocalgovernmentscan’tpossiblycope.

1998年Text5

•Asthedomegrows,itdevelopsdeepfissures（cracks