现代语言学MP3文档.docx

1、现代语言学MP3文档第一章1 语言学的主要分支是什么。每个分支的研究对象是什么？ Linguistics mainly involves the following branches: General linguistics, which is the study of language as a whole and which deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. Phonetics, which studies

2、 the sounds that are used in linguistic communication. Phonology, which studies how sounds are put together and used in communication. Morphology, which studies the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words. Syntax, which studies how morphemes and words are combined to formsentences. Semanti

3、cs, which is the study of meaning in language. Pragmatics, which is the study of meaning not in isolation, but in context of use. Sociolinguistics, which is the study of language with reference to society. Psycholinguistics,which is the study of language with reference to the workings of mind. Appli

4、ed linguistics, which is concerned about the application of linguistic findings in linguistic studies; In a narrow sense,applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. Oth

5、er related branches are anthropological linguistics,neurological linguistics, mathematical linguistics,and computational linguistics. - 2 现代语言学与传统语法有什么区别？ Traditional grammar is prescriptive; it is based on high (religious, literary) written language . It sets models for language users to follow.But

6、 Modern linguistics is descriptive; its investigations are based on authentic, and mainly spoken language data. It is supposed to be scientific and objective and the task of linguists is supposed to describe the language people actually use, whether it is correct or not. - 3 什么叫共时研究？什么叫历时研究？ The des

7、cription of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study;the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A synchronic study of language describes a language as it is at someparticular point in time, while a diachronic study of language is a historical study;

8、 it studies the historical development of language over a period of time. - 4 人类语言的甄别性特征是什么？1) Arbitrariness It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.For instance,there is no necessary relationship between the word dog and the animal it refers to. The fact that differ

9、ent sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages and that the same sound may be used to refer to different objects is another good example. Although language is arbitrary by nature,it is not entirely arbitrary. Some words,such as the words created in the imitation of sounds by

10、sounds are motivated in a certain degree. The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions. 2) Productivity Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of an infinitely large number of sent

11、ences, including those that theyhave never said or heard before. 3) Duality It means that language is a system,which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds at the lower level and the other of meanings at the higher level. At the lower or the basic level,there is the structur

12、e of individual and meaningless sounds, which can be grouped into meaningful units at the higher level. This duality of structure or double articulation of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. 4) Displacement It means that language can be used to talk about what

13、happened in the past, what is happening now, or what will happen in the future. Language can also be used to talk about our real word experiences or the experiences in our imaginary world. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.

14、 5) Cultural transmission While we are born with the ability to acquire language, the details of anylanguage are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned anew. - 5 Chomsky的语言能力和语言使用各指什么？ American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950s proposed the distinctionbetween comp

15、etence and performance. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. Accor

16、ding to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speakers knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc. Chomsky believes t

17、hat what linguists should studyis the competence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard. - 6 Saussure 是如何区分语言和言语的？The distinction between langue, and parole was made by the famous Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure early this century.Langue and parole are French words. L

18、angue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set ofconventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the

19、application of the rules. Langue is abstract;It is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently; whileparole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation

20、. 第二章7 语言交际的两大媒介是什么？哪一个是基本的交际媒介？为什么？Modern linguistics regards the spoken form of language as primary,but not the written form, because the spoken form is prior to the written form and most writing systems arederived from the spoken form of language. - 8 语音学的三个分支是什么。它们研究的对象各是什么？ Articulatory phoneti

21、cs:It studies the human speech organs and the way in which these speech sounds are produced. Acoustic phonetics:It studies the physical properties of the speech sounds;it deals with the sound waves through the use of such machines as a spectrograph. Auditory phonetics is the study of the perception

22、of sounds by the human ear. - 9 什么叫浊音化？它是如何形成的？ Voicing is the result of the vibration of the vocal cords. When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such a way are voiceless. When vocal cords are held together tautly so that t

23、he air stream vibrates them, the sounds produced in this way are voiced. - 10 宽式标音和严式标音有什么区别？ The broad transcription is the transcription of sounds by using one letter to represent one sound. The narrow transcription is the transcription with diacritics to show detailed articulatory features of sou

24、nds. - 11 英语的辅音是如何分类的？ 1) by place of articulation : a. bilabial such as p,b,m,w b. labiodental such as f,v c. dental such as ,T d. alveolar such as t,d,s,z,n,l,r e. palatal such as , V , t , dV , j f. velar such as k, g, N g. glottal such as h 2) by manner of articulation. a. Stops such as p,b,t,d,

25、k,g b. Fricatives such as f,v,s,z, , T , , V,h c. Afficates such as t, dV d. Liquids such as l, r e. Nasals such as n,m,N f. Glides such as w, j - 12 英语的元音是如何分类的？ 1) Vowels may be distinguished as front vowels such as i: i e A a, central vowels such as :,Qand back vowels such asu: J C: and B: in ter

26、ms of the position of the tongue in the mouth. 2) According to how wide our mouth is opened,we classify the vowels into four groups: close vowels such as i:, i,u:,J, semiclose vowels such ase, : , semi-open vowels such as , C: , and open vowels such as ?, a, and :. 3) According to the shape of the l

27、ips, vowels are divided into rounded vowels and unrounded vowels. 4) The English vowels can also be classified into long vowels and short vowels according to the length of the sound. The long vowels include i: : C: u: :，while the rest are short vowels. - 13 语音学和音系学有什么区别？ They differ in their approach a