现代语言学MP3文档.docx
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现代语言学MP3文档
第一章
§1语言学的主要分支是什么。
每个分支的研究对象是什么？
Linguisticsmainlyinvolvesthefollowingbranches:
Generallinguistics,whichisthestudyoflanguageasawholeandwhichdealswiththebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions, modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy.
Phonetics,which studies the soundsthatareusedinlinguisticcommunication.
Phonology,which studies howsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunication.
Morphology,whichstudiesthewayinwhichmorphemes arearrangedtoformwords.
Syntax,whichstudieshowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoform sentences.
Semantics,whichisthestudyofmeaninginlanguage.
Pragmatics,whichisthestudyofmeaningnotinisolation,butincontextofuse.
Sociolinguistics,whichisthestudyoflanguagewithreferenceto society.
Psycholinguistics,whichisthestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofmind.
Appliedlinguistics,whichisconcerned about theapplicationoflinguisticfindingsinlinguisticstudies;Inanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsrefersto the applicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especially theteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.
Other related branches are anthropological linguistics,neurologicallinguistics,mathematicallinguistics,andcomputationallinguistics.
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§2现代语言学与传统语法有什么区别？
Traditional grammar is prescriptive; it is based on "high"（religious,literary）writtenlanguage.Itsetsmodelsforlanguageusers to follow.
But Modern linguistics is descriptive; its investigations are based onauthentic,andmainlyspokenlanguagedata.Itissupposedtobescientificandobjectiveandthetask oflinguistsissupposedtodescribethelanguagepeople actuallyuse,whetheritis"correct"ornot.
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§3什么叫共时研究？
什么叫历时研究？
Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudy;thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronic study.
A synchronic study of language describesalanguage as it is atsome
particular point intime,whileadiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy;itstudies thehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.
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§4人类语言的甄别性特征是什么？
1）Arbitrariness
Itmeans that there isnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Forinstance,thereisnonecessaryrelationshipbetween theworddogandtheanimalitrefersto.Thefactthat differentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages
andthatthesamesoundmaybeusedtorefertodifferent objectsisanothergoodexample.Althoughlanguageisarbitrarybynature,itisnotentirelyarbitrary.Somewords,suchasthewordscreatedinthe imitation ofsounds bysoundsaremotivatedinacertaindegree.The arbitrary nature of languagemakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions.
2）Productivity
Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretation ofaninfinitely largenumberofsentences,including those that they
havenever saidorheard before.
3）Duality
Itmeansthatlanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsatthelowerlevelandtheotherof meanings atthehigherlevel.Atthelowerorthebasiclevel,thereisthestructureofindividualandmeaninglesssounds,whichcanbe grouped intomeaningfulunitsatthehigher level.
This duality of structure ordouble articulation oflanguageenablesitsuserstotalkaboutanythingwithintheirknowledge.
4）Displacement
Itmeansthatlanguage canbeusedto talkaboutwhathappenedinthepast,what is happeningnow,or whatwill happeninthefuture.Language can also beused totalk aboutourrealwordexperiences or the experiencesinourimaginaryworld.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfrom theimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.
5）Culturaltransmission
While we are born withthe abilitytoacquirelanguage,thedetails of any
language are not geneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearnedanew.
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§5Chomsky的语言能力和语言使用各指什么？
American linguist N.Chomsky in the late1950’sproposedthedistinction
between competence andperformance.Chomskydefinescompetence as the ideal
user’sknowledge oftherulesofhislanguage.Thisinternalizedsetofrulesenablesthelanguageusertoproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberof sentencesand recognize sentences that are ungrammaticalandambiguous.
Accordingto Chomsky,performance is the actualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Althoughthespeaker'sknowledge of hismother tongueisperfect,hisperformancesmayhavemistakesbecauseofsocialandpsychologicalfactorssuch asstress,embarrassment,etc..Chomskybelievesthatwhat linguistsshould study
is the competence,which is systematic,nottheperformance,whichistoohaphazard.
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§6Saussure是如何区分语言和言语的？
Thedistinction betweenlangue,andparolewasmadebythefamousSwisslinguistFerdinanddeSaussureearlythiscentury.LangueandparoleareFrenchwords.Languereferstotheabstract linguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangue in actualuse.Langueisthesetof
conventions and rules which languageusersallhavetofollowwhileparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplication of the rules.Langueisabstract;
It is not thelanguage people actually use, but parole isconcrete;itrefers to thenaturally occurringlanguageevents.Langueisrelativelystable,itdoesnot changefrequently;while parole varies from person to person,and from
situation tosituation.
第二章
§7语言交际的两大媒介是什么？
哪一个是基本的交际媒介？
为什么？
Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenformof languageasprimary,butnotthe writtenform,because thespokenformispriortothewrittenformandmostwritingsystems are
derivedfromthespokenformoflanguage.
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§8语音学的三个分支是什么。
它们研究的对象各是什么？
Articulatoryphonetics:
Itstudiesthehumanspeechorgansandthewayinwhichthesespeechsoundsareproduced.
Acousticphonetics:
Itstudiesthephysicalpropertiesofthespeechsounds;itdealswiththesoundwavesthroughtheuseofsuchmachinesasaspectrograph.
Auditoryphoneticsisthestudyoftheperceptionofsoundsby thehumanear.
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§9什么叫浊音化？
它是如何形成的？
Voicingistheresultofthevibrationofthevocalcords. Whenthevocal cords are drawnwideapart,letting airgothroughwithoutcausingvibration,thesoundsproducedinsuchawayare voiceless.
Whenvocalcordsareheld togethertautly so thatthe airstreamvibratesthem,thesoundsproducedinthiswayarevoiced.
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§10宽式标音和严式标音有什么区别？
Thebroadtranscriptionisthetranscriptionofsoundsbyusingoneletter to represent one sound.Thenarrowtranscriptionisthetranscription with diacritics to show detailed articulatoryfeaturesofsounds.
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§11英语的辅音是如何分类的？
1）byplaceofarticulation:
a.bilabialsuchas[p],[b],[m],[w]
b.labiodentalsuchas[f],[v]
c.dentalsuchas[θ],[T]
d.alveolarsuchas[t],[d],[s],[z],[n],[l],[r]
e.palatalsuchas[∫],[V],[t∫],[dV],[j]
f.velarsuchas[k],[g],[N]
g.glottalsuchas[h]
2）bymannerofarticulation.
a.Stopssuchas[p],[b],[t],[d],[k],[g]
b.Fricativessuchas[f],[v],[s],[z],[θ],[T],[∫],[V],[h]
c.Afficatessuchas[t∫],[dV]
d.Liquidssuchas[l],[r]
e.Nasalssuchas[n],[m],[N]
f.Glidessuchas[w],[j]
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§12英语的元音是如何分类的？
1）Vowelsmaybedistinguishedasfrontvowelssuchas[i:
][i][e][A][a],centralvowelssuchas[\:
],[[],[Q]andbackvowelssuchas[u:
][J][C:
]and[B:
]intermsofthepositionofthetongueinthemouth.
2）Accordingtohowwideourmouthisopened,weclassifythevowelsintofourgroups:
closevowelssuchas[i:
],[i],[u:
],[J],semiclosevowelssuchas[e],[з:
],semi-openvowelssuchas[[],
[C:
],andopenvowelssuchas[?
],[a],[Λ]and[ɑ:
].
3）According to the shape of thelips,vowelsaredividedintoroundedvowelsandunroundedvowels.
4）TheEnglishvowelscanalsobeclassifiedintolong vowels andshort vowels according to the lengthofthesound.Thelongvowels include[i:
][\:
][C:
][u:
][ɑ:
]，while therestareshortvowels.
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§13语音学和音系学有什么区别？
Theydifferintheirapproacha
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