毕业设计外文文献翻译商业和公共建筑.docx

1、毕业设计外文文献翻译商业和公共建筑 学校： 华东交通大学姓名： 胡思霞学号： 20120110070206 专业：建筑环境与能源应用工程COMMERCIAL AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS商业和公共建筑This chapter contains technical, environmental, and design considerations to assist the design engineer in the proper application of HVAC systems and equipment for commercial and public building

2、本章包含了技术、环境、设计注意事项，协助设计工程师在商业和公共建筑中合理应用暖通空调系统和设备。 OFFICE BUILDINGS办公建筑General Design Considerations一般设计条例 Despite cyclical market fluctuations, office buildings are considered the most complex and competitive segments of real estate development. Survey data of 824 000 office buildings (EIA 2003) demo

3、nstrate the distribution of the U.S. office buildings by the numbers and the area, as shown in Table 1.According to Gause (1998), an office building can be divided into the following categories:尽管市场周期性的波动，写字楼依然被认为是最复杂和最具竞争力的房地产开发领域。824 000个办公楼调查数据（EIA 2003）中的数目和地区显示了美国办公建筑的分布，如表1所示。根据高斯（1998），办公楼可分为

4、以下几类： Class. The most basic feature, class represents the buildings quality by taking into account variables such as age, location, building materials, building systems, amenities, lease rates, etc. Office buildings are of three classes: A, B, and C. Class A is generally the most desirable building,

5、 located in the most desirable locations, and offering first-rate design, building systems, and amenities. Class B buildings are located in good locations, have little chance of functional obsolescence, and have reasonable management. Class C buildings are typically older, have not been modernized,

6、are often functionally obsolete, and may contain asbestos. These low standards make Class C buildings potential candidates for demolition or conversion to another use等级。最基本的功能，等级代表建筑的质量，考虑到各种变量，如年龄，位置，建筑材料，建筑系统，设施，租赁率等。办公楼有三类：A，B，和C。A类一般是最理想的建筑，位于最理想的位置，并提供一流的设计，建筑系统和设施。B类建筑位于很好的位置，有功能性贬值的机会很小，并有合理的

7、管理。C类建筑通常是旧的，没有现代化，往往是功能性废弃，并可能含有石棉。这些低水平的建筑有可能被拆除或转换为另一种用途 Size and Flexibility. Office buildings are typically grouped into three categories: high rise (16 stories and above), mid rise (four to 15 stories), and low rise (one to three stories) Location. An office building is typically in one of thr

8、ee locations: downtown (usually high rises), suburban (low- to mid-rise buildings), or business/industrial park (typically one- to three story buildings).尺寸和灵活性。办公楼通常分为三类：高层（16层和以上），中高层（四至15层），低层（一至三层）位置。办公楼通常在三个地点之一：市中心（通常是高层建筑，郊区（低到中高层建筑），或商业/工业园区（通常是一到三层楼）。Floorplate(Floor Space Area). Size typic

9、ally ranges from 1670 to 2800 m2 and averages from 1860 to 2320 m2.地板（地板面积）。大小通常为1670至2800平方米，平均为1860至2320平方米。Use and ownership .Office buildings can be single tenant or multitenant .A single-tenant building can be owned by the tenant or leased from a landlord. From an HVAC&R systems standpoint, a s

10、ingle tenant/owner is more cautious considering issues such as life-cycle cost and energy conservation. In many cases, the systems are not selected based on the lowest first cost but on life-cycle cost .Sometimes, the developer may wish to select a system that allows individual tenants to pay direct

11、ly for the energy they consume.使用权和所有权。办公楼可单租户或多租户。单租户的建筑可以归承租人或出租的房东。从暖通空调系统的角度来看，一个单一的租户/业主更需要谨慎考虑问题，如生命周期成本和节能。在许多情况下，系统是不是基于最低的第一成本，但在生命周期成本的基础上，开发商可能希望选择一个系统，允许个人租户直接支付他们所消耗的能量。 Building Features and Amenities. Examples include typically parking, telecommunications, HVAC&R, energy management, r

12、estaurants, security, retail outlets, health club, etc. Typical areas that can be found in office buildings are：建筑特点及设施。典型的例子包括一般停车、电信、暖通空调、能源管理、餐厅、安全、零售店、健身俱乐部等。在办公大楼里可以找到如下典型区域：OfficesOffices: (private or semiprivate acoustically and/or visually)Conference rooms办公室（私人的或私人的空间（听觉上和/或视觉上的）会议室Employee

13、/Visitor Support SpacesConvenience store, kiosk, or vending machinesLobby: central location for building directory, schedules, and general informationAtria or common space: informal, multipurpose recreation and social gathering spaceCafeteria or dining hallPrivate toilets or restroomsChild care cent

14、ersPhysical fitness areaInterior or surface parking areas接待室（休闲空间）便利商店，售货亭，或自动售货机大堂：建筑目录、时间表和一般信息的中心位置前庭或公共空间：非正式的、多用途的娱乐和社交聚会的空间食堂或餐厅私人厕所或卫生间儿童护理中心体检区室内或地面停车场Administrative Support SpacesMay be private or semiprivate acoustically and/or visually行政区可能是私人或私人的空间（听觉上和/或视觉上的）Operation and Maintenance Sp

15、acesGeneral storage: for items such as stationery, equipment, and instructional materials.Food preparation area or kitchenComputer/information technology (IT) closetsMaintenance closetsMechanical and electrical rooms 检查室（运行维护空间）一般贮存：如文具、设备、教学材料等。食品准备区或厨房计算机/信息技术（IT）的衣橱维修马桶机械和电气室A well-designed and f

16、unctioning HVAC system should provide the following:Comfortable and consistent temperature and humidityAdequate amounts of outdoor air at all time to satisfy ventilation requirementsRemove odors and contaminates from circulated air一个设计和运作良好的暖通空调系统应提供以下条件：舒适，温度和湿度足够量的室外空气，满足通风要求去除循环空气中的异味和污染The major

17、 factors affecting sizing and selection of the HVAC systems are as follows:Building size, shape and number of floorsAmount of exterior glassOrientation, envelopeInternal loads, occupants, lightingThermal zoning (number of zones, private offices, open areas ,etc.)影响暖通空调系统选型的主要因素如下：地板的尺寸、形状和数量外部玻璃量方位、

18、维护结构内部负载，居住者，照明分区（区、私人办公室、开放区等）Office HVAC systems generally range from small, unitary, decentralized cooling and heating up to large systems comprising central plants (chillers, cooling towers, boilers, etc.) and large air-handling systems. Often, several types of HVAC systems are applied in one bu

19、ilding because of special requirements such as continuous operation, supplementary cooling, etc. In office buildings, the class of the building also affects selection of the HVAC systems. For example, in a class A office building, the HVAC&R systems must meet more stringent criteria, including indiv

20、idual thermal control, noise, and flexibility; HVAC systems such as single-zone constant-volume, water-source heat pump, and packaged terminal air conditioners (PTACs) might be inapplicable to this class, whereas properly designed variable-air-volume (VAV) systems can meet these requirement.办公室空调系统通

21、常包括小型、单一、分散冷却和加热系统，以及大型中央工厂（冷水机组、冷却塔、锅炉等）和大型空气处理系统。通常，在办公建筑中会因为特殊要求而使用连续运行、辅助冷却的空调系统。办公建筑的等级也会影响空调系统的选择。例如，在一个甲级写字楼，空调制冷系统必须满足更严格的标准，包括个人的热量控制，噪声，和灵活性；暖通空调系统如单区体积不变系统，水源热泵系统，和封装终端空调（pTACs）可能不适用于这类建筑，而适当的设计变风量（VAV）系统可以满足这些需求。Design CriteriaA typical HVAC design criteria covers parameters required for

22、 thermal comfort, indoor air quality (IAQ), and sound. Thermal comfort parameters (temperature and humidity)are discussed in ASHRAE Standard 55-2010 and Chapter 9 of the 2009 ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals. Ventilation and IAQ are covered by ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2010, the users manual for that standar

23、d (ASHRAE 2010), and Chapter 16 of the 2009 ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals. Sound and vibration are discussed in Chapter 48 of this volume and Chapter 8 of the 2009 ASHRAE Handbook Fundamental设计准则一个典型的设计标准涵盖了热舒适要求的参数，室内空气质量（IAQ）和声音。热舒适性参数（温度和湿度）在ASHRAE标准中的55-2010和2009 ASHRAE的基础手册第9章中有介绍。通风与室内空气品质在ASHR

24、AE标准62.1-2010，标准的用户手册（ASHRAE 2010），和2009 ASHRAE基础手册第16章中介绍。声音和振动在这卷中的第8章和2009 ASHRAE基础手册第48章介绍。 Thermal comfort is affected by air temperature, humidity, air velocity, and mean radiant temperature (MRT), as well as nonenvironmental factors such as clothing, gender, age, and physical activity. These

25、variables and how they correlate to thermal comfort can be evaluated by the Thermal Comfort ToolD (ASHRAE 1997) in conjunction with ASHRAE Standard 55. General guidelines for temperature and humidity applicable for areas in office buildings are shown in Table 2热舒适性是受空气温度、湿度、空气流速和平均辐射温度（MRT）的影响，以及非环境

26、因素如性别、年龄、服饰、和体育活动。这些变量和热舒适的关系可以从舒适热评估工具（ASHRAE 1997）与ASHRAE标准55卷中知道。总指南中适用于办公建筑区域的温度和湿度的一般准则如表2 All office, administration, and support areas need outdoor air for ventilation. Outdoor air is introduced to occupied areas and then exhausted by fans or exhaust openings, removing indoor air pollutants g

27、enerated by occupants and any other building-related sources. ASHRAE Standard 62.1 is used as the basis for many building codes. To define the ventilation and exhaust design criteria, consult local applicable ventilation and exhaust standards. Table 3 provides recommendations for ventilation design

28、based on the ventilation rate procedure method and filtration criteria for office buildings. Acceptable noise levels in office buildings are important for office personnel; see Table 4 and Chapter 48.所有办公室、行政和辅助区域需要室外空气进行通风。室外空气被引入到办公区域，然后被风机或排气孔排出，去除人员和其他建筑相关的源头产生的室内空气污染物。ASHRAE标准62.1是许多建筑规范的基础。要确定

29、通风和排气设计标准，请咨询当地适用的通风和排气标准。表3为办公楼的通风设计，根据通风量的方法和过滤标准提供通风设计的建议。办公楼的可接受噪音水平对办公室人员很重要，见表4和第48章内容。Load CharacteristicsOffice buildings usually include both peripheral and interior zone spaces. The peripheral zone extends 3 to 3.6 m inward from the outer wall toward the interior of the building, and frequ

30、ently has a large window area. These zones may be extensively subdivided. Peripheral zones have variable loads because of changing sun position and weather. These zones typically require heating in winter. During intermediate seasons, one side of the building may require cooling, while another side

31、requires heating. However, the interior zone spaces usually require a fairly uniform cooling rate throughout the year because their thermal loads are derived almost entirely from lights, office equipment, and people. Interior space conditioning is often by systems that have VAV control for low- or n

32、o-load conditions负荷特性办公建筑通常包括周边和内部空间。外围层从外墙向建筑物的内部延伸3至3.6米，并经常有一个大的窗口区域。这些区域可以被广泛地细分。外围区域由于太阳位置和天气的变化而变的负荷。这些区域通常需要在冬季供暖。在过渡季节，建筑物的一边可能需要制冷，而另一边需要加热。然而，内部区域的空间通常全年都需要一个相当均匀的冷却速度，因为它们的热负荷几乎完全来自灯，办公设备和人。室内空间的空调通常是由具有低或无负载条件下的变风量控制系统。Most office buildings are occupied from approximately 8:00 AM to 6:00 PM; many are occupied by some personnel from as early as 5:30 AM to as late as 7:00 PM. Some tenants operations may require night work schedules, usually not beyond 10:00 PM. O