政治与商业演讲中概念隐喻语言特色比较分析 精品推荐.docx

1、政治与商业演讲中概念隐喻语言特色比较分析 精品推荐AbstractMetaphor has always been a heated topic under discussion for linguistic studies. Up to now, researchers have established various theories about metaphor. Among the studies of metaphor, there is no systematic comparative study of conceptual metaphors in political orat

2、ions and commercial speeches. Therefore, this thesis made a comparative study of conceptual metaphors commonly applied in political orations and commercial speeches.The main aim of this present study is to analyze various conceptual metaphors used in political orations and commercial speeches, discu

3、ss their functions, compare their similarities and differences both in working mechanisms and in functions, and explore their relationship.The author finds out that metaphorical language is powerful in constructing ideologies both in political orations and commercial speeches. The speakers usually u

4、se the conceptual metaphors in their speeches to express themselves vividly. The conceptual metaphors used in political orations and commercial speeches have a lot of similarities, however, the types of conceptual metaphor and the words applied in the conceptual metaphors also have some differences.

5、 The author hopes that the findings will shed light on future metaphor studies especially on the study which compares or contains metaphors in political orations and commercial speeches as well as on the future metaphor teaching in schools.Key words: conceptual metaphor; political orations; commerci

6、al speeches; comparative study 摘 要 隐喻一直是语言学研究的一个热点。至今隐喻研究已取得了大量成果，建立了多种隐喻理论，隐喻在许多具体领域的研究也得到了开展，但目前还没有专门针对政治与商业演讲中概念隐喻语言特色的对比研究，因此，本研究将对此问题进行一次尝试性的研究。本文的主要目的是对多种在政治与商业演讲中出现的概念隐喻进行分析，并对其功能、运用机制及功能的相似处及其区别以及概念隐喻在两种领域之间的联系进行探究。作者发现概念隐喻对于政治与商业演讲中意识形态的构建有着极其重要的作用，演讲者常常喜欢使用概念隐喻使自己的表达更加生动形象。政治与商业演讲中使用的概念隐喻有

7、着很多相似处，但是在概念隐喻的种类以及词汇的使用上也有着差别。作者希望本文能为未来概念隐喻的研究者有所启发，尤其是在政治与商业演讲中概念隐喻的对比研究以及未来学校隐喻教育方面有所启迪。关键词：概念隐喻；政治演讲；商业演讲；比较研究Contents. Introduction 1. Literature Review 52.1 Researches on Conceptual Metaphor 52.2 Metaphorization in Political Orations 62.3 Metaphorization in Economic Field 82.4 Classifications

8、 of Conceptual Metaphor 102.4.1 Structural Metaphor 102.4.2 Ontological Metaphor 112.4.3 Orientational Metaphor 12. Methodology of the Study 133.1 Data Collection 133.2 The Criteria of Metaphor Identification Applied in the Study 143.3 Research Procedure 15. Comparative Analysis of Conceptual Metaph

9、or 164.1 Comparative Analysis in Structure Metaphor 164.1.1 POLITIC IS A JOURNEY 164.1.2 ECONOMY IS A JOURNEY 184.2 Comparative Analysis in Ontological Metaphor 214.2.1 POLITIC IS A HUMAN BEING 214.2.2 ECONOMY IS A HUMAN BEING 234.4 Comparative Analysis in Orientational Metaphor 264.3.1 Orientationa

10、l Metaphor in Political Orations 264.3.2 Orientational Metaphor in Commercial Speeches 27. Conclusion 30Works Cited 32. IntroductionMetaphor study has a long history. Various metaphor theories have been established and applied to various fields: linguistics, rhetoric, philosophy, politics, and so on

11、. In 1995, Radman put forward the term “metaphorology”, which means that metaphor study has become an independent discipline.Lakoff and Johnson explore the cognitive nature of metaphor in the 1980s and propose the conceptual metaphor theory. According to them, metaphor is a cognitive tool: human con

12、ceptual system is metaphorically constructed; metaphor exists in everyday language. Since then, a lot of scholars have been studying metaphors in various types of discourse. A lot of researches have been done on metaphor in either political orations or commercial speeches; however, most of them are

13、done independently confined to one field. This study not only combines cognitive linguistics and functional linguistics together, but also studies conceptual metaphors in political orations and commercial speeches together. The study of conceptual metaphor is based on Lakoff and Johnsons conceptual

14、metaphor theory. The analyzed data are selected from US public political orations and commercial speeches. Analysis of the two fields of metaphor will be done one by one. The functions of conceptual metaphors in US public political orations and commercial speeches will be discussed and compared.Thei

15、r relationship will be further explored. Finally, a conclusion will be reached.The main aim of this present study is to analyze various conceptual metaphors used in public political and commercial speeches, discuss their functions in the above-mentioned type of discourse, compare their similarities

16、and differences both in working mechanisms and in functions, and explore their relationship.A lot of researches have been done on either political orations or commercial speeches; however, most of them are done independently confined to one field. This study combines the above two together. It analy

17、zes the same subjectmetaphor, but from two different yet somehow related perspectives. The conclusion is new and interesting. On the one hand, metaphors in political orations and commercial speeches are different. Their differences involve studying focus and purpose in pragmatics. On the other hand,

18、 metaphors in political orations and commercial speeches are related. Both of them involve transference of meaning: they have some functions in common in US public political orations and commercial speeches: their working mechanisms are similar from the perspective of cognitive psychology; their stu

19、dying focuses are complementary. It is hoped that the authors findings will shed light on future metaphor studies especially on the study which compares or combines metaphors in political orations and commercial speeches as well as on the future metaphor teaching in schools.The whole thesis consists

20、 of five chapters.The first chapter is the introduction to the whole thesis. In this chapter, the aim and significance of the study and the general organization of the thesis will be put forward.The second chapter is dedicated to literature review on conceptual metaphor study and metaphorization in

21、US public political orations and commercial speeches. In this chapter, the author will review previous researches on the two aspects of metaphor respectively both in China and abroad. After that, a review of previous researches on metaphorization in US public political orations and commercial speech

22、es will be given.The third chapter serves as the theoretical basis of the whole thesis. In this chapter, theories relevant to conceptual metaphor will be introduced. The fourth chapter is mainly about the analysis of the selected speech. The similarities and differences of applications of metaphors

23、in US public political orations and commercial speeches will be presented in this chapter. The fifth chapter is the conclusion of the thesis. In this chapter, new findings of the author will be presented, limitations of the thesis will be made clear and points for further research will be suggested.

24、 Literature ReviewMetaphor study has a history of more than two thousand years. From the ancient Greece to the ongoing new millennium, different scholars have adopted different approaches to study metaphor from accordingly different perspectives, which mainly include rhetorical, lexical, grammatical

25、, conceptual and textual, and quite a few have put forward their theories on metaphor. Among these various perspectives, conceptual metaphor is one of the hottest discussed topics in recent years. This chapter gives a review of the development of conceptual metaphor study, both foreign and domestic.

26、 In the following two sections, a review of previous researches on metaphorization in US public political orations and commercial speeches is given.2.1 Researches on Conceptual MetaphorBefore the 1980s, conceptual metaphor was studied rhetorically, both in China and abroad. It was viewed as a figure

27、 of speech. This period starts with Aristotle in ancient Greece.In the 1980s, cognitive approaches were adopted by western scholars in conceptual metaphor study. These began with the proposal of conceptual metaphor theory. As has been mentioned in the introductory chapter, Lakoff and Johnson put for

28、ward the conceptual metaphor theory in their sensational masterpiece Metaphors We Live By published in 1980 and explore the cognitive tool instead of a rhetorical device; metaphor exists not only in literary language, but also in everyday language. They treat metaphors as conceptual phenomena rather

29、 than linguistic ones.Ever since the beginning of the 21st century, the researches on lexical metaphor have become multi-dimensional. Chinese scholars are keeping side by side with foreign ones in dealing with various theories, and there are criticism and rejection as well as admission and developme

30、nt. Before the 1980s, Chinese scholars used rhetorical approaches in conceptual metaphor study. Chinese scholars have been dedicated to publishing articles or books with their own viewpoints which are mainly imported from western countries and we havent had our own theory system. Compared with diver

31、sified conceptual studies abroad, the study of conceptual metaphor in China is still at its preliminary stage which demands more empirical researches to testify, verify and develop conceptual metaphor theories.2.2 Metaphorization in Political OrationsPublic political orations have been being studied

32、 from various perspectives, for various purposes, and through various approaches. Studying US public political orations from conceptual metaphors aspect began just three decades ago. It was started with the publication of the works Metaphors We Live By in 1980. In this book, Lakoff and Johnson gave a large number of examples that “metaphor plays a central role in the construction of social and political reality” (Lakoff and Johnson 4).Ever since Lakoff and Johnson put forwards the conceptual metaphor theory in 1980, lots of scholars, both western and easte