政治与商业演讲中概念隐喻语言特色比较分析 精品推荐.docx

政治与商业演讲中概念隐喻语言特色比较分析 精品推荐.docx

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政治与商业演讲中概念隐喻语言特色比较分析精品推荐

Abstract

Metaphorhasalwaysbeenaheatedtopicunderdiscussionforlinguisticstudies.Uptonow,researchershaveestablishedvarioustheoriesaboutmetaphor.Amongthestudiesofmetaphor,thereisnosystematiccomparativestudyofconceptualmetaphorsinpoliticalorationsandcommercialspeeches.Therefore,thisthesismadeacomparativestudyofconceptualmetaphorscommonlyappliedinpoliticalorationsandcommercialspeeches.

Themainaimofthispresentstudyistoanalyzevariousconceptualmetaphorsusedinpoliticalorationsandcommercialspeeches,discusstheirfunctions,comparetheirsimilaritiesanddifferencesbothinworkingmechanismsandinfunctions,andexploretheirrelationship.

Theauthorfindsoutthatmetaphoricallanguageispowerfulinconstructingideologiesbothinpoliticalorationsandcommercialspeeches.Thespeakersusuallyusetheconceptualmetaphorsintheirspeechestoexpressthemselvesvividly.Theconceptualmetaphorsusedinpoliticalorationsandcommercialspeecheshavealotofsimilarities,however,thetypesofconceptualmetaphorandthewordsappliedintheconceptualmetaphorsalsohavesomedifferences.Theauthorhopesthatthefindingswillshedlightonfuturemetaphorstudiesespeciallyonthestudywhichcomparesorcontainsmetaphorsinpoliticalorationsandcommercialspeechesaswellasonthefuturemetaphorteachinginschools.

Keywords:

conceptualmetaphor;politicalorations;commercialspeeches;comparativestudy

摘要

隐喻一直是语言学研究的一个热点。

至今隐喻研究已取得了大量成果，建立了多种隐喻理论，隐喻在许多具体领域的研究也得到了开展，但目前还没有专门针对政治与商业演讲中概念隐喻语言特色的对比研究，因此，本研究将对此问题进行一次尝试性的研究。

本文的主要目的是对多种在政治与商业演讲中出现的概念隐喻进行分析，并对其功能、运用机制及功能的相似处及其区别以及概念隐喻在两种领域之间的联系进行探究。

作者发现概念隐喻对于政治与商业演讲中意识形态的构建有着极其重要的作用，演讲者常常喜欢使用概念隐喻使自己的表达更加生动形象。

政治与商业演讲中使用的概念隐喻有着很多相似处，但是在概念隐喻的种类以及词汇的使用上也有着差别。

作者希望本文能为未来概念隐喻的研究者有所启发，尤其是在政治与商业演讲中概念隐喻的对比研究以及未来学校隐喻教育方面有所启迪。

关键词：

概念隐喻；政治演讲；商业演讲；比较研究

Contents

Ⅰ.Introduction1

Ⅱ.LiteratureReview5

2.1ResearchesonConceptualMetaphor5

2.2MetaphorizationinPoliticalOrations6

2.3MetaphorizationinEconomicField8

2.4ClassificationsofConceptualMetaphor10

2.4.1StructuralMetaphor10

2.4.2OntologicalMetaphor11

2.4.3OrientationalMetaphor12

Ⅲ.MethodologyoftheStudy13

3.1DataCollection13

3.2TheCriteriaofMetaphorIdentificationAppliedintheStudy14

3.3ResearchProcedure15

Ⅳ.ComparativeAnalysisofConceptualMetaphor16

4.1ComparativeAnalysisinStructureMetaphor16

4.1.1POLITICISAJOURNEY16

4.1.2ECONOMYISAJOURNEY18

4.2ComparativeAnalysisinOntologicalMetaphor21

4.2.1POLITICISAHUMANBEING21

4.2.2ECONOMYISAHUMANBEING23

4.4ComparativeAnalysisinOrientationalMetaphor26

4.3.1OrientationalMetaphorinPoliticalOrations26

4.3.2OrientationalMetaphorinCommercialSpeeches27

Ⅴ.Conclusion30

WorksCited32

Ⅰ.Introduction

Metaphorstudyhasalonghistory.Variousmetaphortheorieshavebeenestablishedandappliedtovariousfields:

linguistics,rhetoric,philosophy,politics,andsoon.In1995,Radmanputforwardtheterm“metaphorology”,whichmeansthatmetaphorstudyhasbecomeanindependentdiscipline.

LakoffandJohnsonexplorethecognitivenatureofmetaphorinthe1980sandproposetheconceptualmetaphortheory.Accordingtothem,metaphorisacognitivetool:

humanconceptualsystemismetaphoricallyconstructed;metaphorexistsineverydaylanguage.Sincethen,alotofscholarshavebeenstudyingmetaphorsinvarioustypesofdiscourse.

Alotofresearcheshavebeendoneonmetaphorineitherpoliticalorationsorcommercialspeeches;however,mostofthemaredoneindependentlyconfinedtoonefield.Thisstudynotonlycombinescognitivelinguisticsandfunctionallinguisticstogether,butalsostudiesconceptualmetaphorsinpoliticalorationsandcommercialspeechestogether.ThestudyofconceptualmetaphorisbasedonLakoffandJohnson’sconceptualmetaphortheory.TheanalyzeddataareselectedfromUSpublicpoliticalorationsandcommercialspeeches.Analysisofthetwofieldsofmetaphorwillbedoneonebyone.ThefunctionsofconceptualmetaphorsinUSpublicpoliticalorationsandcommercialspeecheswillbediscussedandcompared.

Theirrelationshipwillbefurtherexplored.Finally,aconclusionwillbereached.

Themainaimofthispresentstudyistoanalyzevariousconceptualmetaphorsusedinpublicpoliticalandcommercialspeeches,discusstheirfunctionsintheabove-mentionedtypeofdiscourse,comparetheirsimilaritiesanddifferencesbothinworkingmechanismsandinfunctions,andexploretheirrelationship.

Alotofresearcheshavebeendoneoneitherpoliticalorationsorcommercialspeeches;however,mostofthemaredoneindependentlyconfinedtoonefield.Thisstudycombinestheabovetwotogether.Itanalyzesthesamesubject—metaphor,butfromtwodifferentyetsomehowrelatedperspectives.Theconclusionisnewandinteresting.Ontheonehand,metaphorsinpoliticalorationsandcommercialspeechesaredifferent.Theirdifferencesinvolvestudyingfocusandpurposeinpragmatics.Ontheotherhand,metaphorsinpoliticalorationsandcommercialspeechesarerelated.Bothoftheminvolvetransferenceofmeaning:

theyhavesomefunctionsincommoninUSpublicpoliticalorationsandcommercialspeeches:

theirworkingmechanismsaresimilarfromtheperspectiveofcognitivepsychology;theirstudyingfocusesarecomplementary.Itishopedthattheauthor’sfindingswillshedlightonfuturemetaphorstudiesespeciallyonthestudywhichcomparesorcombinesmetaphorsinpoliticalorationsandcommercialspeechesaswellasonthefuturemetaphorteachinginschools.

Thewholethesisconsistsoffivechapters.

Thefirstchapteristheintroductiontothewholethesis.Inthischapter,theaimandsignificanceofthestudyandthegeneralorganizationofthethesiswillbeputforward.

ThesecondchapterisdedicatedtoliteraturereviewonconceptualmetaphorstudyandmetaphorizationinUSpublicpoliticalorationsandcommercialspeeches.Inthischapter,theauthorwillreviewpreviousresearchesonthetwoaspectsofmetaphorrespectivelybothinChinaandabroad.Afterthat,areviewofpreviousresearchesonmetaphorizationinUSpublicpoliticalorationsandcommercialspeecheswillbegiven.

Thethirdchapterservesasthetheoreticalbasisofthewholethesis.Inthischapter,theoriesrelevanttoconceptualmetaphorwillbeintroduced.

Thefourthchapterismainlyabouttheanalysisoftheselectedspeech.ThesimilaritiesanddifferencesofapplicationsofmetaphorsinUSpublicpoliticalorationsandcommercialspeecheswillbepresentedinthischapter.

Thefifthchapteristheconclusionofthethesis.Inthischapter,newfindingsoftheauthorwillbepresented,limitationsofthethesiswillbemadeclearandpointsforfurtherresearchwillbesuggested.

Ⅱ.LiteratureReview

Metaphorstudyhasahistoryofmorethantwothousandyears.FromtheancientGreecetotheongoingnewmillennium,differentscholarshaveadopteddifferentapproachestostudymetaphorfromaccordinglydifferentperspectives,whichmainlyincluderhetorical,lexical,grammatical,conceptualandtextual,andquiteafewhaveputforwardtheirtheoriesonmetaphor.Amongthesevariousperspectives,conceptualmetaphorisoneofthehottestdiscussedtopicsinrecentyears.Thischaptergivesareviewofthedevelopmentofconceptualmetaphorstudy,bothforeignanddomestic.Inthefollowingtwosections,areviewofpreviousresearchesonmetaphorizationinUSpublicpoliticalorationsandcommercialspeechesisgiven.

2.1ResearchesonConceptualMetaphor

Beforethe1980s,conceptualmetaphorwasstudiedrhetorically,bothinChinaandabroad.Itwasviewedasafigureofspeech.ThisperiodstartswithAristotleinancientGreece.

Inthe1980s,cognitiveapproacheswereadoptedbywesternscholarsinconceptualmetaphorstudy.Thesebeganwiththeproposalofconceptualmetaphortheory.Ashasbeenmentionedintheintroductorychapter,LakoffandJohnsonputforwardtheconceptualmetaphortheoryintheirsensationalmasterpieceMetaphorsWeLiveBypublishedin1980andexplorethecognitivetoolinsteadofarhetoricaldevice;metaphorexistsnotonlyinliterarylanguage,butalsoineverydaylanguage.Theytreatmetaphorsasconceptualphenomenaratherthanlinguisticones.

Eversincethebeginningofthe21stcentury,theresearchesonlexicalmetaphorhavebecomemulti-dimensional.Chinesescholarsarekeepingsidebysidewithforeignonesindealingwithvarioustheories,andtherearecriticismandrejectionaswellasadmissionanddevelopment.

Beforethe1980s,Chinesescholarsusedrhetoricalapproachesinconceptualmetaphorstudy.Chinesescholarshavebeendedicatedtopublishingarticlesorbookswiththeirownviewpointswhicharemainlyimportedfromwesterncountriesandwehaven’thadourowntheorysystem.Comparedwithdiversifiedconceptualstudiesabroad,thestudyofconceptualmetaphorinChinaisstillatitspreliminarystagewhichdemandsmoreempiricalresearchestotestify,verifyanddevelopconceptualmetaphortheories.

2.2MetaphorizationinPoliticalOrations

Publicpoliticalorationshavebeenbeingstudiedfromvariousperspectives,forvariouspurposes,andthroughvariousapproaches.StudyingUSpublicpoliticalorationsfromconceptualmetaphorsaspectbeganjustthreedecadesago.ItwasstartedwiththepublicationoftheworksMetaphorsWeLiveByin1980.Inthisbook,LakoffandJohnsongavealargenumberofexamplesthat“metaphorplaysacentralroleintheconstructionofsocialandpoliticalreality”（LakoffandJohnson4）.

EversinceLakoffandJohnsonputforwardstheconceptualmetaphortheoryin1980,lotsofscholars,bothwesternandeaste